“…Of course, there were also other studies conducted to determine the participants' digital citizenship levels and attitudes. The general purposes of those studies were to determine the elementary, secondary, high school and university level students' characteristics related to the elements of digital citizenship Al Raqqad, 2020;Çebi & Özdemir, 2019;Çepni et al, 2014;Jwaifell, 2018;İridağ, 2020;Korucu & Totan, 2019;Martin et al, 2020b;Nazik et al, 2020;Öztürk, 2019;Ünal, 2017;Vural, 2016;Yalçınkaya & Cibaroğlu, 2019). Some others studies aimed to identify the characteristics of educational administrators, teachers or preservice teachers (Akcil et al, 2016;Arcagök, 2020;Aslan, 2016;Ata & Yıldırım, 2019;Aygün, 2019;Aygun & İlhan, 2020;Dedebali & Daşdemir, 2019;Dere & Yavuzay, 2019;Elmalı et al, 2020;Görmez, 2017a;Hollandsworth et al, 2011Hollandsworth et al, , 2017Kabataş, 2019;Kaya & Kaya, 2014;Xu et al, 2019;Yılmaz & Doğusoy, 2020).…”