“…Neuroimaging studies from the past two decades have confirmed that many regions within vocal motor and sensory networks are recruited during various overt speech and song tasks, including: word or letter generation (Paus et al, 1993); syllable repetition (Riecker et al, 2005); singing a note repeatedly (Perry et al, 1999), in a sustained fashion (Zarate and Zatorre, 2008), or while changing vowels in particular rhythms (Jungblut et al, 2012); repeating syllables, spoken words, and sung or hummed melodies (Özdemir et al, 2006); humming, speaking, or singing lyrics of a well-known song (Formby et al, 1989; Jeffries et al, 2003); reciting the months of the year or singing a familiar melody (Riecker et al, 2000); telling a story (Schulz et al, 2005); improvising word phrases, melodies, or harmonies (Brown et al, 2004, 2006); spontaneous and synchronized speaking and singing (Saito et al, 2006); and singing an Italian aria (Kleber et al, 2007). Summarized from the neuroimaging evidence above, a general functional network for human vocalization (including speech and song) is comprised of the brain regions reviewed in the preceding sections: M1, ACC, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum for vocal motor control; S1 and S2 for somatosensory feedback processing; bilateral auditory cortical regions (primary auditory cortex and a pitch-sensitive region within Heschl's gyrus, various portions of STG and STS) for auditory feedback processing; and the insula presumably during multimodal processing of sensory feedback.…”