The Impact of PM2.5 on the Host Defense of Respiratory System

Yang, Liyao; Cheng, Li; Tang, Xiaoxiao

doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00091

Cited by 160 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…2 and 3). Alteration of the lung microbiome due to PM exposure may also skew immune responses in exposed individuals toward bacterial responses, 147 since alterations in the microbiome would likely trigger antibacterial TLR responses, causing the body to focus its efforts on fighting off a bacterial infection, rather than a viral infection, potentially promoting SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication via failure to mount an adequate antiviral immune response.…”

Section: Pollutant Exposure Regulates Pathogen-sensing Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Woodby

Arnold

Valacchi

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

125

113

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Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), ozone (O 3), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD-19associated immunopathology, enhancing virus-induced tissue inflammation and damage.

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Section: Pollutant Exposure Regulates Pathogen-sensing Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Woodby

Arnold

Valacchi

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

125

113

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“…Notably SARS-CoV-1 patients from more polluted regions were twice as likely to die as those in less polluted places ( Cui et al, 2003 ). There is also evidence that air pollution exposure more generally adversely affects respiratory immune defences ( Domingo and Rovira, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ), and emerging evidence suggesting that novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) incidence and mortality may be increased in relation to both acute ( Zhu et al, 2020 ) and chronic exposure ( Andree, 2020 ; Liang et al, 2020 ; Ogen, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ). This evidence implies that deterioration in air quality over short time periods (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ecological analysis of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and incidence of COVID-19 in Canadian health regions

Stieb

Evans

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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Background Ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is associated with a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, including increased risk of respiratory infection. However, evidence specifically related to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is limited. Methods COVID-19 case counts for 111 Canadian health regions were obtained from the COVID-19 Canada Open Data portal. Annual PM 2.5 data for 2000–2016 were estimated from a national exposure surface based on remote sensing, chemical transport modelling and ground observations, and minimum and maximum temperature data for 2000–2015 were based on a national interpolated surface derived from thin-plate smoothing splines. Population counts and sociodemographic data by health region were obtained from the 2016 census, and health data (self-rated health and prevalence of smoking, obesity, and selected chronic diseases) by health region, were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Data on total number of COVID-19 tests and changes in mobility comparing post-vs. pre-introduction of social distancing measures were available by province. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression models. Results After controlling for province, temperature, demographic and health characteristics and days since peak incidence by health region, long-term PM 2.5 exposure exhibited a positive association with COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.97–1.18 per μg/m 3 ). This association was larger in magnitude and statistically significant in analyses excluding provinces that reported cases only for aggregated health regions, excluding health regions with less than median population density, and restricted to the most highly affected provinces (Quebec and Ontario). Conclusions We observed a positive association between COVID-19 incidence and long-term PM 2.5 exposure in Canadian health regions. The association was larger in magnitude and statistically significant in more highly affected health regions and those with potentially less exposure measurement error. While our results generate hypotheses for further testing, they should be interpreted with caution and require further examination using study designs less prone to bias.

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“…There is a close relationship between particle size and the deposition region of the respiratory tract. Thus, assuming a polydispersed aerosol distribution, particulate matter permeates the respiratory tract as follows: PM 1 —alveoli, PM 2.5 —alveoli and bronchioles, and PM 10 —alveoli, bronchioles, and upper air tracts [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Indoor particulate matter (PM) can include outdoor particles, as well as those of domestic origin, such as anthropogenic constituents, particles of animal origin, fungi, dust, kitchen fumes, candle and cigarette burning emissions, and so on [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors for Indoor Air Monitoring during COVID-19 Lockdown

Kaliszewski

Włodarski

Młyńczak

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This study shows the results of air monitoring in high- and low-occupancy rooms using two combinations of sensors, AeroTrak8220(TSI)/OPC-N3 (AlphaSense, Great Notley, UK) and OPC-N3/PMS5003 (Plantower, Beijing, China), respectively. The tests were conducted in a flat in Warsaw during the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The results showed that OPC-N3 underestimates the PN (particle number concentration) by about 2–3 times compared to the AeroTrak8220. Subsequently, the OPC-N3 was compared with another low-cost sensor, the PMS5003. Both devices showed similar efficiency in PN estimation, whereas PM (particulate matter) concentration estimation differed significantly. Moreover, the relationship among the PM1–PM2.5–PM10 readings obtained with the PMS5003 appeared improbably linear regarding the natural indoor conditions. The correlation of PM concentrations obtained with the PMS5003 suggests an oversimplified calculation method of PM. The studies also demonstrated that PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the high- to low-occupancy rooms were about 3, 2, and 1.5 times, respectively. On the other hand, the use of an air purifier considerably reduced the PM concentrations to similar levels in both rooms. All the sensors showed that frying and toast-making were the major sources of particulate matter, about 10 times higher compared to average levels. Considerably lower particle levels were measured in the low-occupancy room.

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The Impact of PM2.5 on the Host Defense of Respiratory System

Cited by 160 publications

References 59 publications

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

An ecological analysis of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and incidence of COVID-19 in Canadian health regions

Comparison of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors for Indoor Air Monitoring during COVID-19 Lockdown

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