The impact of persistent volcanic degassing on vegetation: A case study at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica

Tortini, Riccardo; Manen, S. M. van; Parkes, Bethan R. B.; Carn, S. A.

doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.03.002

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Studies of emissions from Turrialba prior to 2013 reported SO2 release rates of up to 4,000 T/d (de Moor et al, 2016;Xi et al, 2016). Activity escalated after 2014, raising concerns for air quality and environmental health (de Moor et al, 2016;Tortini et al, 2017).…”

Section: Field Deployments Part Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Yoon

Kotsakis

Alvarez

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. A novel technique has been developed to measure sulfur dioxide (SO2) using a modification of the existing electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde technology. The current sonde-based method to measure SO2 (i.e. the dual-sonde approach) involves launching two ozonesondes together with one of the sondes having a filter to remove SO2 at the inlet. The SO2 profile is determined by taking the difference between the measurements from the two instruments. The dual-sonde method works well in typical tropospheric conditions when [O3] > [SO2] but saturates when [SO2] > [O3] and has large uncertainties in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere that would limit its effectiveness in measuring SO2 from an explosive volcanic eruption. Due to these limitations, several modifications were made to create a single-sonde system that would directly measure SO2 (i.e. the SO2 sonde). These modifications included (1) a positively biased ECC background current, (2) the addition of an O3 removal filter, and (3) the addition of a sample dryer. The SO2 sonde measures SO2 as a reduction in the cell current. There was a strong correlation (r2 > 0.94) between the SO2 sonde and a Thermo 43c analyzer during controlled laboratory tests and pre-flight tests. Varying humidity levels affected the SO2 sonde’s sensitivity (84.6 ± 31.7 ppbv/µA, 1σ = 37 %) during initial field tests, which was resolved by adding a sample dryer upstream of the O3 removal filter and pump inlet. This modification significantly reduced the variability and increased the sensitivity of the SO2 measurements (47 ± 5.8 ppbv/µA, 1σ = 12 %). Field tests included measurements near Kīlauea Volcano (before and during the 2018 eruption of the Lower East Rift Zone), Costa Rica’s Turrialba Volcano, and anthropogenic plumes from the Athabasca Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada. This single SO2 sonde system is an effective, inexpensive instrument for measuring both ground-based and vertical profiles of SO2 from anthropogenic and natural sources (i.e. volcanic eruptions) over a wide range of concentrations.

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Section: Field Deployments Part Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Yoon

Kotsakis

Alvarez

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Conversely, carbonised wood with intact bark may be protected from pumice fallout and not suffer the same severity of impact from pyroclastic flows (Yatsuzuka et al, 2010). Finally, diffusive outgassing of magmatic-hydrothermal carbon could release large quantities of 14 Cfree CO 2 , altering the regional 14 C atmospheric titre (Beavan-Athfield et al, 2001;Bruns et al, 1980;D'Arcy et al, 2019;Pasquier-Cardin et al, 1999;Saupé et al, 1980;Sulerzhitzky, 1971;Tortini et al, 2017). Carbon and sulphur can enter leaves and become fixed in the cellulose of the tree (McCarroll and Loader, 2004).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for old carbon contamination in <sup>14</sup>C wiggle-match age series for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano

Holdaway

Kennedy

Duffy

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions that are not historically attested are commonly radiocarbon dated by "wiggle matching" sequential 14C measurements of the rings of trees killed by the eruption against an accepted calibration curve. It is generally assumed that carbon laid down in the wood is uncontaminated by 14C-free ("old") carbon, although evidence for contamination is well documented. Often, ill-fitting ring ages are excluded from analysis. The ‘Millennium Eruption' of Changbaishan volcano on the China-DPR Korea border offers a valuable case study in wiggle match dating, since several independent groups reported age estimates before the determination and acceptance of a precise eruption year of 946 CE. Some of the discrepancies and incompatibilities between published dates were attributed to old carbon effects. Here, we apply a new methodology to correct for contamination levels of up to 4.5% old carbon to eight wiggle match date series for the Millennium Eruption. Without discarding ring ages, we find agreement indices as high as, or higher than, those for the published dates, and five of the eight date series yielded high-agreement-index eruption dates closer to 946 CE than the published dates. None of the five yield a best result at zero contamination. Differences between the eruption dates reveal a weak association with the direction of the sampled tree from the caldera, but no relationship with distance. Our results suggest that old carbon contamination is possible over a wide area, potentially leading to over-estimation of eruption ages by years, decades or more, cautioning against over-reliance on wiggle-match ages that are not corroborated by other lines of evidence. Our revised protocol that accounts for contamination offers a way forward in the application of wiggle match dating of eruptions and provides a platform for understanding discrepancies that exist when comparing wiggle match series.

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“…Remote sensing-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been widely used to monitor phenological dynamics and land cover conversions [28]. However, as many disturbance sources (e.g., climate, grazing, volcano events) often lead to similar surface spectral responses [29,30], identifying the impacts of mining activities on the vegetation cover remains a challenging task. An effective approach requires frequent observations with long-term temporal coverage in order to differentiate natural changes from those associated with human activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Sensing Detection of Vegetation and Landform Damages by Coal Mining on the Tibetan Plateau

Liu

Song

et al. 2018

Sustainability

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In order to satisfy the needs of constant economic growth, the pressure to exploit natural resources has been increasing rapidly in China. Particularly with the implementation of the National Western Development Strategies since 1999, more and more mining activities and related infrastructure constructions have been conducted on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Mining activities are known to have substantial impacts on plant dynamics and hence the water and energy cycles. Identifying mining activities and quantifying their effects on vegetation cover are critical to the monitoring and protection of the pristine TP environment. Thus, this study aims to develop an automated approach that detects the timing of initial mining development and assess the spatial distribution of mining-ruined vegetation. The Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm was used to decompose the signal in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series derived from high-frequency MODIS images, and to detect abrupt changes of surface vegetation. Results show that the BFAST algorithm is able to effectively identify abrupt changes in vegetation cover as a result of open-mining development on the studied alpine grassland. The testing study in Muli Town of Qinghai Province shows that the mining development began in 2003 and massive destructions of vegetation cover followed between 2008 and 2012. The integrated use of Landsat imagery and multi-temporal DEMs further reveals detailed areal and volumetric changes in the mining site. This study demonstrates the potential of applying multi-mission satellite datasets to assess large-scale environmental influences from mining development, and will be beneficial to environmental conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in remote regions.

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The impact of persistent volcanic degassing on vegetation: A case study at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Evidence for old carbon contamination in <sup>14</sup>C wiggle-match age series for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano

Remote Sensing Detection of Vegetation and Landform Damages by Coal Mining on the Tibetan Plateau

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The impact of persistent volcanic degassing on vegetation: A case study at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Development and Testing of a Novel Sulfur Dioxide Sonde

Evidence for old carbon contamination in &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C wiggle-match age series for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano

Remote Sensing Detection of Vegetation and Landform Damages by Coal Mining on the Tibetan Plateau

Contact Info

Product

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About

Evidence for old carbon contamination in <sup>14</sup>C wiggle-match age series for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano