The impact of obesity on adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles

Abstract

Recently, the emerging roles of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) linking obesity and its comorbidities have been recognized. In obese subjects, adipocytes are having hypertrophic growth and are under stressed. The dysfunction adipocytes dysregulate the assembly of the biological components in the EVs including exosomes. This article critically reviews the current findings on the impact of obesity on the exosomal cargo contents that induce the pathophysiological changes. Besides, this review also summarizes the understanding on how obesity affects the biogenesis of adipocyte-derived exosomes and the exosome secretion. Furthermore, the differences of the exosomal contents in different adipose depots, and the impact of obesity on the exosomes that are derived from the stromal vascular fraction such as the adipose tissue macrophages and adipocyte-derived stem cells will also be discussed. The current development and potential application of exosome-based therapy will be summarized. This review provides crucial information for the design of novel exosome-based therapy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.

Adipose-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Systemic Messengers and Metabolic Regulators in Health and Disease

“…However, little is known about how EV cargo is regulated in response to disease. In the setting of obesity, an increase in circulating adipose-derived EVs is observed, where they are implicated in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes ( Gao et al, 2017 ; Kwan et al, 2021 ). Some of the pathways that are regulated by adipose-derived EVs in obesity include the stimulation of monocyte differentiation and macrophage activation, upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inflammation and dysregulation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway which progresses the development of fatty liver disease ( Deng et al, 2009 ; Koeck et al, 2014 ).…”

Breakthrough of extracellular vesicles in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis

“…EVs from adipose tissue (EVs-AT) carry adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, transfer lipids between adipocytes and macrophages, and contain most circulating miRNAs [ 105 ]. In the case of obesity, dysfunctional adipocytes affect the loading of exosome cargo, leading to a series of pathophysiological changes [ 106 ]. However, the role of EVs-AT in OA progression has rarely been studied.…”

Role of Adipose Tissue Derived Exosomes in Metabolic Disease

“…However, the functional impact of adipocyte-derived exosomes on the control of adipogenesis needs to be further explored to clarify its profound impact in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. On the other hand, the effect of obesity on the cargo contained in adipocyte-derived exosomes has been intensively studied and explored ( 52 ). However, since there is no specific cargo selection process for cellular uptake of exosomes, the relationship between the effect of exosomes on recipient cells and specific exosome contents needs to be further clarified to facilitate design exosomes for disease treatment.…”