The impact of miR‐183/182/96 gene regulation on the maturation, survival, and function of photoreceptor cells in the retina

Abstract

MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) play important roles in posttranscriptional processes to regulate gene expression. MiRNAs control various biological processes, such as growth, development, and differentiation. The continuous physiological function of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium requires precise regulation to maintain their homeostasis and function; hence, these cells are highly susceptible to premature death in retinal degenerative disorders. MiRNAs are essential for the retinal cell maturation and function; the miR-183 cluster represents one of the most important regulatory factors for the photoreceptor cells. Various studies together with bioinformatics analyses have shown that many genes contributing to the differentiation pathway of photoreceptors are targets of the miR-183 cluster, and the miR-183 cluster dysregulation causes certain defects in the differentiation of the photoreceptors and other retinal neurons by influencing the expression of target genes. Misexpression of miR-183 cluster in the human retinal epithelial cells leads to the reprogramming and transformation of these cells to neuron-and photoreceptor-like cells, which are associated with the expression of neuron-and photoreceptor-specific markers in human retinal pigment epitheliums cells. The knockout of this cluster causes the destruction of the outer segment of the photoreceptors, which subsequently causes the cells to exhibit severe susceptibility to light and eventually degenerate. Hundreds of target genes in this family are likely to affect the development and maintenance of the retina. Identifying the genes that are regulated by the miRNA-183 cluster provides researchers with important insights into the complex development and regeneration mechanism of the retina and may offer a new way for maintaining and regenerating photoreceptor cells in neurodegenerative diseases.

Functional roles of non-coding RNAs regulated by thyroid hormones in liver cancer

“…In common cognition processes, miRNA clusters are located in similar chromosomes under the same circumstances and therefore often subject to the same regulation mechanisms or play a consistent role [ 48 ]. For instance, the miR-106b-25 cluster regulates atherosclerosis by influencing clearance of VLDL and LDL from the plasma and dysregulation of the miR-183 cluster causes defects in differentiation of photoreceptors and other retinal neurons through effects on target gene expression patterns [ 49 , 50 ]. The miR-199a/miR-214 cluster has additionally been identified as two miRNAs with the similar effects in a number of studies.…”

The impact of oleuropein on miRNAs regulating cell death signaling pathway in human cervical cancer cells

“…14 MiRNAs, as small noncoding single-stranded RNAs, are gene expression regulators, bringing about the silencing of the target gene expression via binding to the 3′UTR region of the target gene. 15,16 The miss-regulation of tumor suppressors miR-34a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-125b-5p as well as the oncomiRs miR-221-3p, miR-181b-5p, and miR-16-5p has been reported in various stages of the cervical cancer. 17,18 Thus, identifying the role played by different miRNAs and detecting genes targeted by them in various cervical cancer stages have enabled the emergence of miRNA-based cancer therapy.…”

“…MiRNAs play a significant role in the emergence and progress of cervical cancer as well as drug resistance in this disease 14 . MiRNAs, as small noncoding single‐stranded RNAs, are gene expression regulators, bringing about the silencing of the target gene expression via binding to the 3′UTR region of the target gene 15,16 . The miss‐regulation of tumor suppressors miR‐34a‐5p, miR‐29a‐3p, and miR‐125b‐5p as well as the oncomiRs miR‐221‐3p, miR‐181b‐5p, and miR‐16‐5p has been reported in various stages of the cervical cancer 17,18 .…”

MiR‐548k suppresses apoptosis in breast cancer cells by affecting PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

“…Given the high mortality rate in women, finding the precise molecular mechanisms as well as genetic and epigenetic events involved in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer is a critical requirement to develop new therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as epigenetic regulators, are small single‐stranded molecules with regulatory role in many cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis 8–12 . Considering the crucial roles of miRNAs in various types of cancers, these molecules are regarded as potent options for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy 7 .…”

“…MicroRNAs (miR-NAs), as epigenetic regulators, are small single-stranded molecules with regulatory role in many cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. [8][9][10][11][12] Considering the crucial roles of miRNAs in various types of cancers, these molecules are regarded as potent options for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. 7 Therefore, they can be recruited as prognostic or predictive biomarkers through assessment in liquid biopsies (plasma, serum, and urine) or as potential therapeutic targets in cancer therapy.…”