“…Instead, typical experimental between-participant studies do not ask for comparisons, and participants are given identical information to evaluate with only the gender manipulated, thus holding constant the qualifications and content of the (one) person being evaluated (e.g., Harvey, Marshall-McCaskey, & Johnston, 1998;Huddy & Terkoldsen, 1993b). For example, Zebrowitz, Tenenbaum, and Goldstein (1991) conclude that women applicants faced discrimination when applying for higher status jobs when all else was equal (see also Gallivan, 1991;Steinpreis, Anders, & Ritzke, 1999). These types of absolute judgment studies provide for a strong test of the gender-incongruency hypothesis, because individuals are actually less apt to use stereotype criteria, such as gender role norms, when judging a single candidate compared to judging a group of candidates (Riggle et al, 1992).…”