The impact of innovation and gratification on authentic experience, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention in tourism virtual reality: The moderating role of technology readiness

The impact of a 360° virtual tour on the reduction of psychological stress caused by COVID-19

“… 4.540 1.299 0.948 TP3 When I was experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt my mind was inside a tourist destination. 4.698 1.173 0.900 IN Involvement (adapted from Kim and Ko [ 20 ]) 0.807 0.721 0.886 IN1 To me the 360° virtual tour was irrelevant (1)/relevant (7) 4.413 1.183 0.855 IN2 To me the 360° virtual tour was boring (1)/interesting (7) 4.860 1.040 0.835 IN3 To me the 360° virtual tour was unimportant (1)/important (7) 4.153 1.085 0.884 SA Satisfaction with the 360° virtual tour experience (adapted from Kim et al [ 19 , 30 ]) 0.863 0.785 0.916 SA1 I was satisfied with the authentic experience from the 360° virtual tour. 5.030 1.081 0.878 SA2 I was satisfied with the genuine experience from the 360° virtual tour.…”

“…Despite the impact of two types of presence on user attitudes and behaviours identified in previous studies [ 77 ], no studies have distinguished their roles in generating satisfaction in VR research. Since satisfaction with a 360° virtual tour would affect people's intention to visit a tourist destination [ 19 ], this distinction contributes to tourism research by understanding the scenes and design elements of the 360° virtual tour in generating satisfaction for promoting tourist destinations.…”

“…Telepresence (three items) and involvement (three items) were adapted from Kim and Ko [ 20 ]. The 360° virtual tour experience (three items) was adapted from Kim et al [ 19 , 30 ]. To evaluate the perception of stress reduction, four symptoms of stress mentioned in a government health channel [ 78 ] (tension, upset, panic, and pressure) were used resulting in responses such as ‘after experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt that the tension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has decreased.’ All the measurable items were evaluated by a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7), except the measurement of involvement was measured by Zaichkowsky's [ 79 ] scale, in which the dimensions of irrelevant/relevant, boring/interesting, and unimportant/important were ranked using 7-point semantic-type measures.…”

“…These feelings include being cognitively efficient, motivated, and happy [ 44 ]. Later on, Kim et al [ 19 ] posited that enjoyment, emotional involvement, and flow state are subconstructs of affective response; authentic experience is the stimulus that influences cognitive response and affective response; and that these two responses reflect an attachment to VR.…”

“…A 360° virtual tour is a virtual representation of an actual attraction, destination, or visitor experience using the three-dimensional world of an innovative technology that is designed as a prelude to visiting a destination or as a way of extending the previous experiences of consumers [ 17 ]. Recent studies have examined how 360° virtual tours can motivate tourists’ intention to visit and help them with travel decision making [ 18 , 19 ]. On the other hand, some studies have identified the factors that influence satisfaction with the 360° virtual experience.…”