Human leishmaniasis is a complex skin infection that imposes a heavy burden on many tropical and subtropical developing countries and is caused by over 20 species of Leishmaniaparasite and they are transmitted by several sandfly species. The disease is mainly associated with disfiguring scars and major social stigma during infection. Disease severity appears to depend on many factors, including parasite species, host, endemic area, socioeconomic status, and access to health facilities. Despite the many studies that have been conducted on current and new treatments, the treatment outcomes of leishmaniasis remain controversial, possibly because of the knowledge gaps that still exist.
Varying responses to current leishmania treatments have become a major drawback in disease control. The lack of information on critical analyses of the results of such studies is a barrier to overall understanding. Based on the currently available literature on treatment outcomes, we discuss the most effective doses, drug susceptibilities/resistances, and treatment failures of Leishmania for monotherapy and combination therapy. This review focuses on the available therapies for leishmaniasis caused by different Leishmania species, with insights into their species-specific efficacy, which will inform the selection of drugs for the treatment and control of leishmaniasis. For this aim, the search was conducted in electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, web of sciences and Google scholar. The specific search medical subject headings (MeSH) terms include “leishmaniasis,” “leishmaniasis Prevention,” “cutaneous leishmaniasis,” “Leishmaniasis Diagnosis”, “Leishmaniasis Treatment”, “Leishmaniasis Drug”, “Leishmaniasis Parasite”, “Leishmaniasis Cutaneous”, “Rural leishmaniasis”, “Urban leishmaniasis”, “Dry leishmaniasis”, “Wet leishmaniasis”, “Human leishmaniasis”, “Leishmania donovani”, “Leishmaniasis trials”, “leishmaniasis vectors”, “leishmaniasis reservoirs” were conducted and articles with English titles and abstracts were screened and selected, and finally related full-text articles were studied and used in writing a review article.