The impact of Holocene alluvial landscape evolution on an ancient settlement in the southeastern piedmont of Songshan Mountain, Central China: A study from the Shiyuan site
“…Yu (2016) suggested that there existed an enormous lake in the northeastern Songshan Region between 9000-4000 BP with its size reaching around 390 km 2 at its maximum. But Lu et al's recent survey confirms that there was not such an enormous lake with continuously distributed waterbodies around the Shiyuan area of the eastern Songshan region during the Holocene (Lu et al, 2019a). Indeed, despite these recent studies, it remains unclear regarding the scale, chronology, spatial-temporal variations and evolution of Holocene aquatic landscapes on the Central Plains.…”
“…Yu (2016) suggested that there existed an enormous lake in the northeastern Songshan Region between 9000-4000 BP with its size reaching around 390 km 2 at its maximum. But Lu et al's recent survey confirms that there was not such an enormous lake with continuously distributed waterbodies around the Shiyuan area of the eastern Songshan region during the Holocene (Lu et al, 2019a). Indeed, despite these recent studies, it remains unclear regarding the scale, chronology, spatial-temporal variations and evolution of Holocene aquatic landscapes on the Central Plains.…”
“…Throughout the Holocene, the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has experienced complex fluctuations in the lower Yellow River floodplain and the surrounding areas [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. Its fluctuation and associated conspicuous environmental changes have most likely impacted the evolution of local prehistoric cultures [11,[27][28][29][30][42][43][44][45][57][58][59][60][61][62][63].…”
Section: Study Areamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Consequently, a large area of arable land for prehistoric human occupation was created during the Longshan period in the lower Yellow River floodplain. Moreover, the continuous shrinking of lakes and marshes with a drying hydroclimate further led to lower base flows and subsequent river incision in the surrounding foothills of the study area [61,62].…”
Section: Local Landscape Evolution With Hydroclimatic Changesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Consequently, it is necessary to further discuss this issue to understand the patterns and mechanisms of human-environment interactions during this time interval in the lower Yellow River floodplain. Additionally, considerable advances in research on the spatial-temporal patterns of Holocene paleoenvironmental changes (especially high-resolution proxy sequences of paleoclimate) [29,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] and past human activities (i.e., human subsistence strategies and demographic fluctuations) [29,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] in the lower Yellow River floodplain and the surrounding areas have been made over the past two decades. This provides a good opportunity for exploring the specific background for the abovementioned remarkable change in the spatial distribution of human settlement in the lower Yellow River floodplain during the Longshan period.…”
Obvious spatial expansion of human settlement occurred in the lower Yellow River floodplain during the Longshan period, but the external factors driving this expansion remain unclear. In this study, we first delineated the hydroclimatic changes at both regional and local scales within and around the lower Yellow River floodplain and then examined the relationships of human settlements with hydroclimatic settings between the pre-Longshan and Longshan periods. The results indicate that the site distribution, site density and hydroclimatic conditions exhibited significant shifts during the pre-Longshan and Longshan periods. In the pre-Longshan period, the intense East Asian summer monsoon and abundant monsoon-related precipitation caused widespread development of lakes and marshes in the lower Yellow River floodplain. As a result, the circumjacent highlands of the lower Yellow River floodplain contained concentrated human settlements. However, the persistent weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and consequent precipitation decline, in conjunction with accelerated soil erosion due to decreasing forest vegetation and strengthening of human activities on the upstream Loess Plateau in the Longshan period, are likely to have jointly caused both shrinking and faster filling of preexisting lakes and marshes. Subsequently, a large area of arable land had been created in the lower Yellow River floodplain and thus was occupied by locally rapid increasing population, resulting in the notable spatial expansion of human settlements during the Longshan period.
“…The water environment of a basin, as a link between different natural environmental cycles, has an important effect on each component of the ecosystem [1,2]. People have been living near water since ancient times and settlement has been dependent on river and lake banks in most cases [3]. The water quality in rivers and lakes within a basin directly affects human activities, such as drinking water, irrigation, and industrial production [4,5].…”
Land use and landscape pattern highly affect water quality. Their relationship can assist in land-use management and improve land-use efficiency. In this study, a water quality survey of rivers and lakes was performed in 2020 to analyze the effects of land use and the landscape pattern on the water quality of the rivers and lakes in the Baoan Lake basin and is expected to provide a reference for land use planning. The results demonstrated that the effects of land use on water quality were generally higher during the dry season than during the wet season; however, the opposite was demonstrated for the landscape pattern index. Cropland and urban land were closely correlated with deteriorating water quality, with contributions to total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and ammonia nitrogen in the basin. The impact of the landscape pattern of the basin on water quality was controlled by the original land-use type. In addition, the landscape configuration formed different land-use types to produce different effects on water quality. The basin scale better explained the changes in water quality, especially for construction land, followed by the 250 m and 500 m scales in the buffer zone.
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