The Impact of Financial Development on Earnings Management: Evidence from Pakistani Non-Financial Firms

Abstract

Besides, the corporate level governance factors and country level governance factors there is another crucial factor that affect the earnings manipulation practices, is country level Financial Development. Financial development would likely act to discipline managers, thereby minimizing their engagement in EM, therefore an effective financial development system helps to reduce the EM practices. Hence the main purpose of this research work is to investigate the impact of Financial development on accruals based earnings management by using panel data analysis taking sample of 257 non-financial firms listed in Pakistan stock exchange for the period of 2012 to 2019 through Fixed effect model.The results disclose that the financial development system of Pakistan negatively and significantly influence the EM activities of registered firm’s in Pakistan stock exchange. Hence, conclude that the strong financial system is effectively restrain the EM activities.The overall results are consistent with earlier literature that the advance FD enhance the controlling and analyzing of accounting informationby reducing the interference of management in the procedure of accounting accruals. Keywords: Earnings Management, Financial Development, Financial Development Index.

Work-Life Balance Policies and Organizational Outcomes: A Qualitative Investigation

“…Employees have adjusted their lifestyles better to manage the demands of their jobs and families. To better enable a healthy work-life balance, organisations have begun to develop rules and processes that are both successful and efficient (Pandey, 2015;Khan, 2022 ). Work-life balance programmes are new to employee retention literature and are the latest contributions that have been welcomed.…”

Human Resources Training in the Greek Public Administration: Case Study Region of Crete

“…Training, which is referred to as a learning path for the development of skills by Human Resources, has helped organizations have a crucial strategy for the development of employees, with the aim of enhancing their productivity. The training process is one of the most widespread methods for enhancing the productivity of individuals and communicating goals to staff (Khan et al, 2011).…”

“…Thus, through the research, the Directorate of Organization, Quality and Efficiency of the Region of Crete is given the opportunity to initially investigate the training needs of the Human Resources of the organization and then to request the planning and implementation of targeted training programs. At the same time, at the end of the implementation of the training programs, it is important for an evaluation of the training provided to be asked, so that it can be determined whether they met the real requirements of the human resources that participated in them.According toKhan et al (2011) training is the only factor of effectiveness and communication in all directions. In the present research, the majority of trainees consider that the training programs contributed to the upgrading of services, while the fact that the training programs are considered to have helped in the development of new competences and skills is quite important.…”

Training and Development Programme for Employee Performance

“…Core to performance improvement is the presence of a well-designed training programme. Training and development have been found to positively affect both employee and organisational performance (Khan, Khan & Khan, 2011). The world being a global village underscores the importance of training and development so that companies can continue to be relevant and at least maintain their market share.…”