“…Currently, SS is used as a part of complex layered substrates for amorphous and crystalline SCs because of its merits, such as good flexibility, high thermal and chemical stability, low-cost and good electric conductivity. To adopt rolled (or high-gloss) SS substrates for PV demands, the steel industry offers the deposition of intermediate layers for simultaneous surface smoothing, back electrode insulating, and preventing diffusion of various impurities from the SS substrate into the light absorbing layer of thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) for each semiconducting material [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Other applications of SS in the PV industry, except for ancillary components, frames, fasteners and connectors, include substrates for solar spectral selective absorbing coatings used in thermo-solar systems [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”