The impact of eye contact on the sense of agency

Ulloa, José Luis; Vastano, Roberta; George, Nathalie; Braß, Marcel

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102794

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Participants are less likely to look at conspecifics (Kuhn, Teszka, Tenaw, & Kingstone, 2016;Laidlaw, Foulsham, Kuhn, & Kingstone, 2011), or follow gaze cues (Gallup, Chong, & Couzin, 2012) in real-world interactions where the other can observe them, compared with the same interactions in a screen-mediated laboratory setting, where they know their eye movements cannot be observed. This difference is pertinent to Social Agency as it has been demonstrated that direct eye contact from a face stimulus on screen can enhance Temporal Binding effects (Ulloa, Vastano, George, & Brass, 2019). Eye contact is seen to increase self-referential processing, eliciting increased selfawareness (Baltazar et al, 2014) and therefore implicit agency effects (Conty, George, & Hietanen, 2016).…”

Section: Social Agency and Eye Gazementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Eye contact is seen to increase self-referential processing, eliciting increased selfawareness (Baltazar et al, 2014) and therefore implicit agency effects (Conty, George, & Hietanen, 2016). As this manipulation was without human agency behind the face stimulus or signalling of the participants gaze (Ulloa et al, 2019), it would be of interest for future investigations to introduce these elements, which may improve ecological validity and enhance agency effects even further.…”

Section: Social Agency and Eye Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Agency as a continuum

et al. 2020

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Sense of Agency, the phenomenology associated with causing one’s own actions and corresponding effects, is a cornerstone of human experience. Social Agency can be defined as the Sense of Agency experienced in any situation in which the effects of our actions are related to a conspecific. This can be implemented as the other’s reactions being caused by our action, joint action modulating our Sense of Agency, or the other’s mere social presence influencing our Sense of Agency. It is currently an open question how such Social Agency can be conceptualized and how it relates to its nonsocial variant. This is because, compared with nonsocial Sense of Agency, the concept of Social Agency has remained oversimplified and underresearched, with disparate empirical paradigms yielding divergent results. Reviewing the empirical evidence and the commonalities and differences between different instantiations of Social Agency, we propose that Social Agency can be conceptualized as a continuum, in which the degree of cooperation is the key dimension that determines our Sense of Agency, and how it relates to nonsocial Sense of Agency. Taking this perspective, we review how the different factors that typically influence Sense of Agency affect Social Agency, and in the process highlight outstanding empirical questions within the field. Finally, concepts from wider research areas are discussed in relation to the ecological validity of Social Agency paradigms, and we provide recommendations for future methodology.

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Section: Social Agency and Eye Gazementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Social Agency and Eye Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

Social Agency as a continuum

et al. 2020

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“…Thus, 24 volunteers participated in this study (ten females, mean age 31 years (SD 10.3)). To get a vague sense of a minimum sample size we referred to the aforementioned studies on TB in social contexts (Grynszpan et al, 2019 ; Obhi & Hall, 2011a ; Pfister et al, 2014 ; Sahaï et al, 2019 ; Stephenson et al, 2018 ; Ulloa et al, 2019 ). The paradigms used in these studies cover a broad range of designs and methods.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent experimental data could demonstrate TB while leading the gaze of a face-like stimulus during joint attention states (Stephenson et al, 2018 ). Additionally, direct eye contact generally seems to increase TB for gaze movements (Ulloa et al, 2019 ). These data suggest that the presence of a social stimulus is already sufficient to result in decreases in duration judgments and hence in an increased TB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal binding is enhanced in social contexts

et al. 2021

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Temporal binding (TB) refers to an underestimation of time intervals between two events, most commonly for actions and their effects. This temporal contraction is measurable for both perceived changes in social stimuli such as faces, as well as for interactions with a partner. We investigated TB in two separate experiments to uncover the individual influences of (i) participants’ belief in an interaction with a human partner (as compared to a computer), and (ii) a face-like stimulus versus an abstract stimulus mediating the interaction. The results show that TB is more pronounced when self-initiated actions result in a personal event as opposed to a mere physical effect, being suggestive of a “social hyperbinding.” The social hyperbinding effect appeared to be driven both by the belief in interacting with another person and by a face-like stimulus. However, there seemed to be no further enhancing effect when combining the top-down processes (“beliefs”) with the bottom-up processes (“perceptions”). These findings suggest a prioritization of social information for TB regardless of whether this information is introduced by top-down (beliefs) or bottom-up information (stimuli). Our results add to existing literature demonstrating an increase in action-event monitoring for social cues.

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“…The sense of agency is of utmost value when it comes to controlling an external device, as it will in uence its technology effect, and thus in uencing people's commitment and performance toward that task (26). Participants in this study identi ed a prominent barrier of the virtual-based pharmacy training being the absence of eye contact, which is of particular relation to the sense of agency (27) while the other ve suggested barriers were less appreciated in terms of majority, though they might be still valid for future discussion including, in descending perception, lack of quiet place, technical support, and time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Perception of Jordanian Pharmacy Students towards Community Pharmacy-Virtual Training Experience during COVID-19 Outbreak

Barakat

Alqudah

Farha

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Nowadays, it is clear for the whole world that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had substantial consequences on various sectors including social, economic and education. Pharmacy education includes community pharmacy practice training, and in many schools, it has been shifted to virtual modality utilizing distance learning. This study aims to assess the perception of pharmacy students towards community pharmacy practice virtual training during the COVID-19 period. Methods: Senior pharmacy students were included in this study. Accredited and certified community pharmacy preceptors were asked to simulate the community pharmacy training and record that as videos, which were evaluated and assessed by expert academics before being delivered to students. A validated online questionnaire was then distributed for the students for self-administration through Microsoft teams to evaluate their perception. Results: A convenience sample (n=109) of senior pharmacy students were recruited. The majority of the participants were females (70.6%) and the median age of students was 22.0 years (IQR= 1). Around half of the participants showed positive perceptions towards the virtual training module and the pharmacy training preceptors. A 46.8% of the students benefited from the virtual training in time management and 43.1% in developing lifelong learning skills. The absence of eye contact during the learning was the most important barrier revealed by the students (52.3%). Half of the students agreed/strongly agreed that combining the virtual and conventional techniques for future training would improve training outcomesConclusion: This is the first study assessing perception towards virtual training in Jordan, which was positive among pharmacy students. Such results could spot the light on the value of hybrid education and training (virtual with actual) in the pharmacy field. However, there is a crucial need for well-designed studied modules to comply with the intended learning outcomes.

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The impact of eye contact on the sense of agency

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Social Agency as a continuum

Social Agency as a continuum

Temporal binding is enhanced in social contexts

Perception of Jordanian Pharmacy Students towards Community Pharmacy-Virtual Training Experience during COVID-19 Outbreak

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