The impact of exosomes derived from distinct sources on rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can induce joint deformities and functional impairment, significantly impacting the overall well-being of individuals. Exosomes, which are cellularly secreted vesicles, possess favorable biological traits such as biocompatibility, stability, and minimal toxicity. Additionally, they contain nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, amino acids, and metabolites, serving as mediators in cellular communication and information exchange. Recent studies have demonstrated the association between exosomes and the pathogenesis of RA. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils exert influence on the biological functions of immune cells and joint cells, however, the precise mechanism remains largely unclarified. This comprehensive review systematically analyzes and summarizes the biological characteristics and functionalities of exosomes derived from diverse cellular sources, thus establishing a scientific foundation for the utilization of exosomes as diagnostic targets and therapeutic modalities in the context of RA.

Mesenchymal stem cell derived proteome can target multiple signalling pathways to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis: network pharmacology and molecular docking based approach

“…We investigated the proteome of the MSC secretome with the goal of identifying a cocktail of proteins that can be used as a pharmaceutical drug to treat RA. A plethora of research on MSC-derived exosomes, siRNAs, and conditioned media exist, but very little is known about the proteome of the secretome [20,21,22]. Our results reveal the key therapeutic targets for RA and how hBMMSCs secretome proteins can interact with these targets to potentially ameliorate RA.…”

Extracellular Vesicles and Immunity: At the Crossroads of Cell Communication

“…Conjugated with curcumin and albumin, they demonstrated the ability to normalise inflammatory markers in a skin inflammation model that mimics psoriasis [173]. Studies on rheumatoid arthritis have demonstrated that, on the one hand, bone marrow-derived DC EVs exert an anti-inflammatory effect, recovering the arthritis through the MHC II complex; on the other hand, by combining the antibody anti-reactive oxygen species collagen type II with neutrophil-derived EVs, it can be possible to access the cartilage [174]. A potential natural drug for the treatment of Lupus Erythematosus (LE) is curcumin; in fact, B cell lymphoma-derived EVs, encapsulated with curcumin, exert anti-inflammatory activity in an LPS mouse model, paving the way for the use of this compound for the treatment of glomerulonephritis by LE [175,176].…”

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes-derived exosomal circFTO deteriorates rheumatoid arthritis by enhancing N6-methyladenosine modification of SOX9 in chondrocytes

“…Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 100 nm. They originate from various cell types and participate in immune modulation as well as immune pathogenesis associated with RA [ 12 ]. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the potential mechanisms through which RA-FLSs-EXO regulates RA for identifying therapeutic targets for this condition.…”