“…Compared with men, women offenders report higher rates of childhood trauma and abuse, addiction, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), interpersonal violence, adolescent conduct disorder, homelessness, and chronic physical and mental health problems (Anderson, Rosay, & Saum, 2002; Bloom, Owen, & Covington, 2003; 2004; Grella, 1999; Grella, Stein, & Greenwell, 2005; Langan & Pelissier, 2001; Messina, Burdon, & Prendergast, 2003; Messina, Burdon, Hagopian, & Prendergast, 2006; Messina & Grella, 2006; Peters, Strozier, Murrin, & Kearns, 1997; Pollock, 2002; Zlotnick, 1997; Zlotnick et al, 2008). Research also indicates that early victimization and severity of addiction are stronger predictors of criminal activity and subsequent mental and physical health problems for women than for men (Bloom et al, 2004; Browne, Miller, & Maguin, 1999; McClellan, Farabee, & Couch, 1997; Messina, Grella, Burdon, & Prendergast, 2007).…”