The Impact of Dormancy Breakers on Hormone Profiles, Fruit Growth and Quality in Sweet Cherry

Abstract

Chemical dormancy breakers are often used to manipulate floral bud break in sweet cherry production, and their use is increasing due to unpredictable climate effects. The role of plant hormones in regulating the critical transition of floral buds from dormant to opening in deciduous trees is now emerging. By monitoring changes in endogenous hormone levels within floral buds that are undergoing the transition from dormant to the growing state in response to various cues (environmental and/or chemical inducers), we can begin to distinguish the plant hormones that are the drivers of this process. This study sought to identify key hormonal regulators of floral bud break using sweet cherry as a model and modifying timing of bud break through the application of two chemical dormancy breakers, hydrogen cyanamide (HC, Dormex®) and emulsified vegetable oil compound (EVOC, Waiken®), and to determine the effect of these chemicals on fruit growth and quality. Treatments were applied at label rates 35–40 days before estimated bud break. We found that HC-treated tree buds broke earlier, and this was associated with a significant early elevation of the cytokinins dihydrozeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside compared to the control and EVOC-treated tree buds. In contrast, changes in auxin and abscisic acid content did not appear to explain the hastened bud burst induced by hydrogen cyanamide. While HC-treated trees resulted in larger fruit, there was a higher incidence of cracked fruit and the pack-out of A-grade fruit was reduced. The increase in fruit size was attributed to the earlier flowering and hence longer growing period. Harvest assessment of fruit quality showed no treatment effect on most quality parameters, including fruit dry matter content, total soluble solids or malic acid content, but a reduction in fruit compression firmness and stem pull force in EVOC-treated trees was observed. However, all fruit still met the Australian industry fruit quality export market standards. This study offers important insights into bud hormonal activities underpinning the action of these chemical regulators; understanding bud responses is critically important to ensuring consistent and sustainable fruit tree production systems into the future. It also demonstrates that the dormancy-breaking agents HC and EVOC have no detrimental impact on fruit quality at harvest or following storage, however growers need to be aware of the potential for increased fruit cracking when earlier bud break results in a longer growing season which has the potential to increase fruit size. Further studies are required to determine the role of gibberellin in hastening bud break by dormancy breakers.

Cell‐layer specific roles for gibberellins in nodulation and root development

“…Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and CK extraction and quantification were carried out as outlined in Bound et al (2022) and detailed in Methods S3, with stable isotope-labelled internal standards added to each sample. For GA quantification, samples were extracted as outlined in Ford et al (2018), with stable isotopelabelled internal standards added to each sample.…”

Climate Change Challenges in Temperate and Sub-Tropical Fruit Tree Cultivation

“…Starting from the beginning, the lack of enough chilling hour accumulation can be overcome in some cases with the application of bud-breaking agents (Figure 7), such as hydrogen cyanamide [88,89], potassium nitrate, urea, gibberellins [88,[90][91][92], synthetic cytokinins (thidiazuron) [93] and other plant growth regulators [88], emulsified vegetable oils [89], overhead irrigation, early defoliation (in deciduous species), early pruning, etc. Climate change is expected to have a direct effect on weed species composition, as some species, or even new species, in an area will be favored by the new climatic conditions, while others will decline, even if weeds exhibit greater adaptability to stress than fruit tree species [80,81].…”

“…Starting from the beginning, the lack of enough chilling hour accumulation can be overcome in some cases with the application of bud-breaking agents (Figure 7), such as hydrogen cyanamide [88,89], potassium nitrate, urea, gibberellins [88,[90][91][92], synthetic cytokinins (thidiazuron) [93] and other plant growth regulators [88], emulsified vegetable oils [89], overhead irrigation, early defoliation (in deciduous species), early pruning, etc.…”

Cell layer specific roles for hormones in root development: Gibberellins suppress infection thread progression, promote nodule and lateral root development in the endodermis and interact with auxin and cytokinin

“…Auxin and cytokinin extraction and quantification was carried out as outlined in Bound et al (2022) and detailed in Methods S2, with stable isotope-labelled internal standards were added to each sample. For gibberellin quantification samples were extracted as outlined in Ford et al (2018), with stable isotope-labelled internal standards added to each sample.…”