The impact of climate on Leptospirosis in São Paulo, Brazil

Coelho, Micheline S.Z.S.; Massad, Eduardo

doi:10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nevertheless, they emphasized that the oscillation of the number of cases is not only determined by rainfall, since other factors influence this dynamic, such as sanitation, in addition to environmental and social factors. Another study [21] indicated that for every 20 mm precipitation, there was an average increase of 31.5% in hospital admissions in Sao Paulo. A different group of researchers [22] reported in Sao Paulo that in the rainy season, it also increases in other districts, probably due to the proximity of rivers and streams while in the dry season, the localities where cases appear coincide with the areas of poorest housing conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Miyazato¹,

Fonseca²,

Caputto³

et al. 2013

Int Arch Med

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BackgroundLeptospirosis is a zoonosis which is spread through contamined running water. This contaminations is seriously affected by the flooding which occurs in the area surrounding the Aricanduva river. The transmission of the disease results mainly from the contact of water with soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Leptospirosis cases in Sao Paulo East Zone area.MethodThe analysis conducted in this study was based on data collected from the health authorities of that region close the Aricanduva river between 2007 and 2008 years, which give the rates of confirmed cases, mortality and death from human Leptospirosis. Other information concerned with the relationships among rainfall index, points of flooding and incidence of Leptospirosis.ResultsWe observed a direct and important water contamination. Records of flooding points and dates of the reported cases in the region showed a direct relationship from which the period of higher rainfall also recorded an increase in cases. The annual record of the city and the region and rainfall regions also presented correlation.ConclusionThe association between the indices of flooding and Leptospirosis cases indicates that preventive measures are necessary to avoid exposing the community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Miyazato¹,

Fonseca²,

Caputto³

et al. 2013

Int Arch Med

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“…The incidence of leptospirosis in humans is affected by rainfall, particularly in tropical regions [81-83]. In Reunion Island, cases of leptospirosis are reported all year round, but epidemics mostly occur during the rainy season [26,28,31,84].…”

Section: Clinical Presentation Of Leptospirosis and Epidemiologicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands: what is known so far?

Desvars

Michault

Bourhy

2013

Vet Res

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In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a major zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. The disease is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The western Indian Ocean includes more than one hundred tropical or subequatorial islands where leptospirosis constitutes a major public health problem. The clinical signs of the human disease are generally similar to an influenza-like syndrome, but acute forms of the disease are reported and mortality remains significant in this region. In animals, clinical forms are mainly asymptomatic but leptospirosis reduces the fertility of livestock, resulting in economic losses. The data available about human and animal leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands are diverse: human leptospirosis has been extensively studied in Reunion Island, Mayotte, and the Seychelles, whereas the human clinical disease has never been described in Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, or Rodrigues, mainly because of the deficiency in appropriate medical and diagnostic structures. The rat is recognized as the major reservoir host for the bacteria on all islands, but recent data from Reunion Island indicates that almost all mammals can be a source of contamination. The incidence of leptospirosis in humans is highly seasonal, and linked to the rainy season, which is favorable for the environmental maintenance and transmission of the bacteria. The epidemiology of leptospirosis is fully island-dependent, related to the number of mammalian species, the origins of the introduced mammalian species, the relationships between humans and fauna, and environmental as well as cultural and socio-economic factors.

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“…Increased rainfall leads to increased human exposure [8] through both increased survival of the bacteria in the environment and increased exposure of humans to surface water [9]. Extreme climatic events and floods have frequently been associated with leptospirosis outbreaks [10]–[12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

El Niño Southern Oscillation and Leptospirosis Outbreaks in New Caledonia

Weinberger¹,

Baroux

Grangeon

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Leptospirosis is an important cause of seasonal outbreaks in New Caledonia and the tropics. Using time series derived from high-quality laboratory-based surveillance from 2000–2012, we evaluated whether climatic factors, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and meteorological conditions allow for the prediction of leptospirosis outbreaks in New Caledonia. We found that La Niña periods are associated with high rainfall, and both of these factors were in turn, temporally associated with outbreaks of leptospirosis. The sea surface temperature in El Niño Box 4 allowed forecasting of leptospirosis outbreaks four months into the future, a time lag allowing public health authorities to increase preparedness. To our knowledge, our observations in New Caledonia are the first demonstration that ENSO has a strong association with leptospirosis. This association should be tested in other regions in the South Pacific, Asia or Latin America where ENSO may drive climate variability and the risk for leptospirosis outbreaks.

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The impact of climate on Leptospirosis in São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 40 publications

References 15 publications

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands: what is known so far?

El Niño Southern Oscillation and Leptospirosis Outbreaks in New Caledonia

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