The Impact of Chronic Tobacco Smoking on Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Greek Population

Moschos, Marilita M.; Nitoda, Eirini; Laios, Konstantinos; Ladas, Dimitrios S; Chatziralli, Irini

doi:10.1155/2016/2905789

Cited by 39 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In our study, there was no significant difference in retinal thickness at the fovea between smokers and the control group. This result was consistent with previous reports in which smoking did not appear to affect retinal thickness in the healthy population, 11,13,14 although certain layers within the retina could be thinner in smokers, such as the ganglion cell complex layer 14 and retinal nerve fiber layer. 39 Interestingly, in our subgroup analysis, those who smoked 8 to 12 pack-years had higher FRT compared to controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…11 Regarding chronic effects of smoking, decreased CT were more often observed in chronic smokers. 12,14 However, there was one report that showed no significant difference in CT between smokers and non-smokers. 13 This discrepancy can also be due to the fact that CT being a single dimension measurement may result in possible inherent variability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the effect of cigarette smoking on CT has been inconsistent. [10][11][12][13][14] Recently, choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was proposed as a novel and robust tool to evaluate choroidal vasculature in both healthy and diseased eyes. 15,16 In this study, we have compared choroidal structural change between healthy smokers and non-smokers using CVI.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choroidal Structural Changes in Smokers Measured Using Choroidal Vascularity Index

Wei

Kumar

Ding³

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for vascular dysfunction. This study evaluated choroidal structural changes in smokers using the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) derived from image binarization on spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans with enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT). METHODS. This cross-sectional study included 39 smokers and 44 non-smokers. Choroidal images on EDI-OCT were binarized into luminal area (LA) and stromal area (LA). CVI was calculated as the ratio of LA to total choroid area (TCA). CVI, foveal retinal thickness (FRT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) between smokers and non-smokers were compared using likelihood ratio test with linear mixed model. Trend and subgroup analysis were performed to investigate the dose-dependent relationship between CVI/FRT/SFCT and packyears. RESULTS. CVI in smokers (65 6 2%) was lower compared to non-smokers (67 6 2%, P ¼ 0.0001). The difference remained significant after adjusting for age (P ¼ 0.001). There was no significant association between cigarette smoking and FRT/SFCT. CVI decreased by 0.12% with each unit increase in smoking measured by pack-year (P ¼ 0.0009). In subgroup analysis, those who smoked 8 to 12 and >12 pack-years had significantly lower CVI compared to non-smokers (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. Cigarette smoking is associated with decreased choroidal vascularity in healthy subjects, and this association appears to be dose dependent. CVI might be a non-invasive marker of vascular health in smokers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choroidal Structural Changes in Smokers Measured Using Choroidal Vascularity Index

Wei

Kumar

Ding³

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…19 Our results showed that GCC measurements of chronic smokers were much lower than that of non-smokers. This was in accordance with the outcomes reported by Moschos et al 20 who demonstrated thinner GCC thickness in smokers. We also found that GCC thickness was more reduced in males than females (p=0.005).…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 93%

<p>Functional and Structural Changes of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex in Heavy Smokers</p>

Abdelshafy¹,

Abdelshafy²

2020

OPTH

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Purpose: To assess the functional and structural changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) in heavy smokers using pattern electroretinogram (PERG), photopic negative response(PhNR) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Patients and Methods: Sixty eyes of 30 heavy smokers (at least 15 cigarettes/day for 10 years) (study group) and 60 eyes of 30 age and gender-matched healthy non-smoker subjects (control group) were included. After full ophthalmologic examination (PERG), (PhNR) using RETI-port/scan 21 (Roland Consult, Brandenburg, Germany) and (SD-OCT using Topcon 3D OCT model 2000 FA version.8.30) were tested for all participants. Statistical analysis was performed to compare GCC, RNFL thicknesses, PERG and phNR values between groups. Results: The mean age was 36.67±4.13 years in the study group and 36.0±4.76 years in the control group. There were no statistical significant differences between the two groups regarding intraocular pressure (p=0.43), axial length (p=0.37), and central corneal thickness (p=0.86). There were significant differences of GCC thickness values between the study group (88.4±6.6 µm) and control group (94.83±5.25 µm) (p<0.001). The mean RNFL values of study and control groups were 97.87±5.88 and 106.43±6.59 µm, respectively (p<0.001). In the study group the superior and inferior quadrants of RNFL were significantly thinner, but there were no significant differences between the two groups in nasal and temporal quadrants. There were no significant differences of PERG-P50 amplitude (p=0.49) and latency (p=0.71); however, PERG-N95 amplitude and latency showed significant differences between the two groups (p<0.001).There were significant differences of phNR amplitude and latency between the two groups (p<0.001). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the PhNR, PERG amplitude and latency are the most important determinants for both RNFL and GCC thicknesses. Conclusion: In heavy smokers RNFL thickness was decreased, the PhNR, PERG-N95 amplitudes were diminished and the implicit times were prolonged compared to non-smokers. PhNR and PERG reflect both dysfunction and loss of ganglion cells and their axons.

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“…Choroidal thickness is affected by gender, age, systemic diseases such as hypertension, axial length of the eye, systemic drugs such as phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and intraocular pressure. [15][16][17][18][19] Kantarci et al 16 compared macular and choroidal thicknesses between healthy individuals and long-term smokers who had been smoking for at least 20 years, and similar results were attained. In another study by Dervişo gulları et al, 17 difference between smokers and control subjects in retinal and choroidal thickness was found to be insignificant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cigarette smoking reduces deep retinal vascular density

Doğan

Akdogan

Gulyesil

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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The purpose of this study was to report the effects of smoking on retinal vascular parameters. Methods: In this cross-sectional study design, 24 smokers were included as a study group and 26 age-and sex-matched non-smokers as a control group. A detailed ophthalmic examination including review of medical history, visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement by Goldmann applanation tonometry, ocular movement and pupillary reflex examination, slitlamp biomicroscopy as well as dilated funduscopic examination were undertaken in all participants. Participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) scanning with RTVue XR Avanti AngioVue OCT-A (Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA) as well as the measurement of axial length using an AL Scan (Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan). Results: The study comprised of 18 men and six women with a mean age of 28.1 AE 4.8 years in the study group and 19 men and seven women with a mean age of 27.4 AE 2.7 years in the control group. The mean exposure to cigarette smoking was 3.3 AE 1.0 pack-years. Total vascular density, parafoveal vascular density and perifoveal vascular density in the deep capillary plexus observed with OCT-A were significantly lower in the smoking group compared to the control group (p = 0.02, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Retinal vascular changes caused by cigarette smoking may occur even at low pack-year exposure. These changes, which can be demonstrated by OCT-A, may reflect the early impact of cigarette smoking on the microvascular system.

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The Impact of Chronic Tobacco Smoking on Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Greek Population

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Choroidal Structural Changes in Smokers Measured Using Choroidal Vascularity Index

Choroidal Structural Changes in Smokers Measured Using Choroidal Vascularity Index

<p>Functional and Structural Changes of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex in Heavy Smokers</p>

Cigarette smoking reduces deep retinal vascular density

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