“…As this approach showed, however, exterior ranking systems were not the only way to approach ranking. Indeed, the spread of the World Wide Web provided institutions with an opportunity to improve their own outlook through fair assessment by putting the power of ranking in the hands of the consumer and following the standard approach (Trostyanskaya & Polikhina, 2018;Jarocka, 2015;Muiruri, 2017;Mukhwana et al, 2016;Meredith, 2018;Tosun, 2019;Shahjahan et al, 2020;Trinidad et al, 2021).…”