“…Accumulating evidence has suggested a number of sources and mechanisms for oxidative stress in PD, which include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the catabolism of dopamine by auto-oxidation, iron (Fe 2+ ) accumulation ( Wang et al, 2021 ). Oxidative stress causes injury to macromolecular components (i.e., DNA, proteins, and lipids) ( Pires et al, 2019a ; 2019b ; 2019c ; 2019d , 2020 ), resulting in cellular dysfunction and, eventually, dopaminergic neuron death ( Wang et al, 2021 ). Given the important role of oxidative stress in PD, antioxidant supplements could be a reasonable therapeutic approach to halting PD progression ( Chang and Chen, 2020 ), as it could mitigate oxidative stress-dependent neuronal injury ( Buendia et al, 2016 ).…”