“…Existing evidence has confirmed the effects of spatial form, traffic organization, landscape, cultural characteristics, and land uses on waterfront vitality (Norcliffe et al, 1996;Da and Xu, 2016). With respect to spatial form, block sizes (Sha et al, 2014), building densities (Bunce, 2011), and other textural attributes are found to be relevant; road networks with higher levels of integration (Wang F. et al, 2020), accessibility (Othman et al, 2021) and intersection density are also positively related to waterfront vitality. In terms of the land use aspect, the mixed levels of land use (Lehrer and Laidley, 2008) and specific functions such as commercial activities (Hagerman, 2007) are proved to be influential, while vitalityrelated landscape characteristics include: openness (Sairinen and Kumpulainen, 2006), aesthetic and cultural value (Hurley, 2006), and the number and quality of landmarks (Gotham, 2002).…”