The impact of a Bus Rapid Transit system on commuters' exposure to Benzene, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City

Wöhrnschimmel, Henry; Zuk, Miriam; Martínez-Villa, Gerardo; Cerón, J. G.; Cárdenas, B.; Rojas-Bracho, Leonora; Fernández-Bremauntz, Adrián

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.062

Cited by 60 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Many of these pollutants are critical precursors of photochemical ozone and secondary organic and inorganic particles, which decisively impact the oxidant levels and aerosol loadings in an urban area. Furthermore, as elsewhere, MCMA mobile emissions have shown to include an array of toxic VOCs and carbonaceous PM compounds (Jiang et al, 2005;Rogers et al, 2006;Wöhrnschimmel et al, 2008), directly impacting human health. This suggests that significant human health, ecosystems and climate benefits can be obtained by controlling mobile emission sources, as long as mobile emissionsbased air quality control policies are based on clear understanding and reliable quantification of these emissions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Mobile emissions represent a significant fraction of the total anthropogenic emissions burden in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and, therefore, it is crucial to use top-down techniques informed by on-road exhaust measurements to evaluate and improve traditional bottom-up official emissions inventory (EI) for the city. We present the measurements of on-road fleet-average emission factors obtained using the Aerodyne mobile laboratory in the MCMA in March 2006 as part of the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign. A comparison of our on-road emission measurements with those obtained in 2003 using essentially the same measurement techniques and analysis methods indicates that, in the three year span, NO emission factors remain within the measured variability ranges whereas emission factors of aldehydes and aromatics species were reduced for all sampled driving conditions.We use a top-down fuel-based approach to evaluate the mobile emissions from the gasoline fleet estimated in the bottom-up official 2006 MCMA mobile sources. Within the range of measurement uncertainties, we found probable slight overpredictions of mean EI estimates on the order of 20-28% for CO and 14-20% for NO. However, we identify a probable EI discrepancy of VOC mobile emissions between 1.4 and 1.9; although estimated benzene and toluene mobile emissions in the inventory seem to be well within the uncertainties of the corresponding emissions estimates. Aldehydes mobile emissions in the inventory, however, seem to be unCorrespondence to: M. Zavala (miguelz@mce2.org) derpredicted by factors of 3 for HCHO and 2 for CH 3 CHO. Our on-road measurement-based estimate of annual emissions of organic mass from PM 1 particles suggests a severe underprediction (larger than a factor of 4) of PM 2.5 mobile emissions in the inventory.Analyses of ambient CO, NO x and CO/NO x concentration trends in the MCMA indicate that the early morning ambient CO/NO x ratio has decreased at a rate of about 1.9 ppm/ppm/year over the last two decades due to reductions in CO levels rather than by NO x . These trends, together with the analysis of fuel sales and fleet size, suggest that the relative contribution of diesel vehicles to overall NO x levels has increased over time in the city. Despite the impressive increase in the size of the vehicle fleet between 2000 and 2006, the early morning ambient concentrations of CO and NO x have not increased accordingly, probably due to the reported low removal rates of older vehicles, which do not have emissions control technologies, and partially due to the much lower emissions from newer gasoline vehicles. This indicates that an emission-based air quality improvement strategy targeting large reductions of emissions from mobile sources should be directed towards a significant increase of the removal rate of older, highly-polluting, vehicles.

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data

et al. 2009

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“…On the other hand, research on BRT has been widely reported in the literature on several issues, for example, research from a social perspective [6][7][8][9][10][11], studies being conducted on the economics of BRT systems [12][13][14], research has also been conducted from a technical performance perspective [15][16][17][18][19][20], the environmental impact of the implementation of BRT systems has also been addressed by several authors [13,16,21], and some aspects on road safety have been reported in the literature, for example, see [6,15].…”

Section: "An Enhanced Bus System That Operates On Bus Lanes or Other mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bus Rapid Transit Systems Road Safety: A Case Study of Mexico City

Santos‐Reyes¹,

Ávalos-Bravo²,

Padilla-Pérez³

2017

Urban Transport Systems

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“…Such connections and the interactions involved could be studied from different perspectives. In fact, BRT systems have been approached from an institutional perspective (Lámbarry Vilchis et al, 2011Vilchis et al, , 2010Ponnaluri, 2011), a social perspective (Cahill Delmelle and Casas, 2012;Lin and Wu, 2007), an economic perspective (Cervero and Kang, 2011;Hensher and Golob, 2008;Lindau et al , 2008), an urban planning perspective (Ardila-Gómez, 2004), a technical perspective (Hensher and Golob, 2008;, and an environmental perspective (Nugroho et al, 2010;Wöhrnschimmel et al, 2008).…”

Section: Bus Rapid Transit (Brt): Previous Studies Contribution and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from the spread of Bus Rapid Transit in Latin America

Mejía-Dugand

Hjelm

Baas

et al. 2013

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Technological transitions and governance theories are employed for the analysis of the dissemination behavior of Bus Rapid Transit systems in Latin America. This process presents interesting characteristics and traits that seem to facilitate the overcoming of barriers and act as catalysts for the adoption of innovation. The present study uses a systems perspective to explore the dynamics of Bus Rapid Transit's adoption by different cities in the region and to follow its geographical dissemination, relying on historical data collected on numerous implemented projects.The resulting analysis provides an insight on the determinants and key points for the concept's expansion, which may be useful for the study of the dissemination of environmental technologies in cities. Contextualized, solid demonstration projects and incremental innovations, it is here argued, facilitated the adoption of new ways and promoted the dissemination of this urban mobility solution within a homogenous group of cities. A description of the Bus Rapid Transit system's approach to barriers that are also found to hinder the dissemination of environmental technologies provides a learning basis for future dissemination strategies.

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The impact of a Bus Rapid Transit system on commuters' exposure to Benzene, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City

Cited by 60 publications

References 31 publications

Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data

Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data

Bus Rapid Transit Systems Road Safety: A Case Study of Mexico City

Lessons from the spread of Bus Rapid Transit in Latin America

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