The immunomodulating role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases

Abstract

Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic live microorganisms which, when administered in appropriate amounts, are beneficial to the health of the host. Currently, the group of probiotic microorganisms includes bacteria that produce lactic acid of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, belonging to the so-called LAB (lactic acid bacteria) groups, and the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics have a protective role in Candida spp. oral infection and especially colonization. Lactobacillus limits the progression of chronic periodontitis by inhibiting the secretory activity of Th17 lymphocytes, which in the pathogenesis of this disease are responsible for an excessive cytokine response causing adverse changes in periodontal tissues. A meta-analysis of the results of studies on the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis showed that the use of probiotics improved the condition of the gums in the course of the therapeutic process. Regular use of probiotics during orthodontic treatment significantly reduces the number of bacteria from the Streptococcus mutans group in the patient's saliva and significantly inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators and an excessive immune response. The main mechanisms of the action of probiotics, such as elimination and inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms through competition for receptor sites and the secretion of metabolites with antibacterial activity, as well as the stimulation of specific and non-specific immune responses by activating T lymphocytes, and stimulating the production of cytokines, make it possible to also effectively use pro-health bacteria in oral diseases.

Recombinant lactic acid bacteria as promising vectors for mucosal vaccination

“…Besides, certain Lactobacillus strains have the ability to adhere to the surface of mucosal membranes and colonize in the digestive tract as probiotic bacteria. [ 26 ] All of the properties support LAB as carriers for oral vaccines. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizing in the gastric tract is the leading cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and even gastric cancer.…”

Characteristics of Probiotic Preparations and Their Applications

“…Dental caries, periodontal inflammation and oral candidiasis are three common oral diseases that have been reported to be positively affected by probiotics [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. A randomized, double-blind trial demonstrated that the short-term daily consumption of a probiotic combination of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.…”

Gingivitis in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances – literature review

“…Alternatywą dla płukanek są preparaty z probiotykami do miejscowego stosowania, które wykazują właściwości przeciwzapalne oraz modulujące mikrobiom jamy ustnej (22). Ich regularne używanie zmniejsza ekspresję mediatorów stanu zapalnego oraz poziom Streptococcus w ślinie pacjenta (23).…”

“…Topical probiotic preparations can be an alternative to mouthwashes because they have anti-inflammatory properties and modulate the oral microbiome (22). Their regular use reduces the expression of inflammatory mediators and the level of Streptococcus in the patient's saliva (23).…”