The Immungenicity and Cross-Neutralizing Activity of Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Candidate Strains

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) vaccine candidate strains, including their genotypes, immunogenicity and cross-neutralization capacity. Methods: From clinical samples, EV-A71 strains were separated by using Vero cells. Six strains were chosen for vaccine candidates, and the sequences were analyzed. To detect the immunogenicity of the strains, we used them to immunize NIH mice at 0 and 14 days. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were examined to determine the EV-A71 neutralizing antibody (NTAb) titer 14 d after the first and second inoculations. To evaluate the cross-neutralizing capacity of the EV-A71 vaccine candidate strains, we tested serum immunized mice with ten EV-A71 genotype strains. Results: Six EV-A71 vaccine candidate strains were identified, all belonging to sub-genotype C4, the prevalent genotype in China. The sequence similarity of the VP1 regions of the six candidate vaccine strains and three approved inactivated vaccines was 97.58%–97.77%, and the VP1 amino acid similarity was 98.65%–99.33%. Experiments were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and cross-neutralizing activity of the EV-A71 vaccine candidate strains. The strains had good immunogenicity 14 d after two immunizations, inducing an NTAb titer ranging from 1:94 to 1:346. The NTAb seroconversion rates 14 d after one immunization were above 80% (except HB0007), and significantly increased immunogenicity of EV-A71 strains was observed post-inoculation. Furthermore, our candidate vaccine strains had broad cross-neutralizing activity after challenge with ten sub-genotypes of EV-A71. The highest NTAb titer/lowest NTAb titer ratios of sera against EV-A71 sub-genotypes were 8.0 (JS0002), 8.0 (JS0005), 21.3 (HB0005), 21.3 (HB0007), 10.7 (HB0040) and 8.0 (GD0002), respectively. Conclusions: Our EV-A71 strains had good immunogenicity and cross-neutralization activity, and have the potential to serve as vaccine strains for multivalent hand, foot and mouth disease vaccines.

Recombinant Listeria ivanovii strain expressing listeriolysin O in place of ivanolysin O might be a potential antigen carrier for vaccine construction

“…In the future, the heterologous antigen genes can be introduced into the recombinant LI strain by genome recombination technique described previously (Wang et al, 2014) or by recombinant plasmid that carrying heterologous antigen genes, thus to acquire the potential vaccine candidates. Subsequently, it is necessary to explore whether the vaccine candidates can stably express and secret foreign genes by western blot, and through animal experiments to determine antibody titers and measure T/B cell immune responses, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccine candidate strains (Xiao et al, 2021;Clint et al, 2022). Thus to prove that LI ilo:hly is an excellent antigen carrier for vaccine development, contributing to cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases prevention.…”