The illegal employment of Foreign workers: an overview

Abstract

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Migration and Irregular Work in Austria : A Case Study of the Structure and Dynamics of Irregular Foreign Employment in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century

“…With the progressive transfer of responsibilities in the fields of migration and asylum -and in particular in the field of illegal migration -to the level of the European Union, there is also a greater interest in comprehensive Europe-wide or at least European comparative studies on illegal migration (cf. Angenendt 2002;Boswell & Straubhaar 2004;Chahrokh et al 2005; Commission of the European Communities 2006). Many of these and other studies, however, remain on a theoretical, legal or policy level, while few have gone to the trouble of collecting primary empirical data.…”

“…Nevertheless, it is widely assumed that a majority of illegal residents is in fact engaged in irregular work activities. According to Boswell and Straubhaar (2004), some 70 per cent of illegal residents in the EU countries are estimated to be engaged in illegal labour. Alt (2003b) estimates that around 50 per cent of undocumented migrants reside in Germany for the purposes of work, while another 10-15 per cent work in the sex industry.…”

“…In the case of migrants working irregularly, this may simply be the expected cost savings (presumably weighted by the risk of detection and the extent of expected fines, cf. Boswell & Straubhaar 2004). Thus, both the level of regulation and non-wage costs as well as the strength of enforcement play a role.…”

The Economy of Undocumented Migration: Taxation and Access to Welfare

“…37 Businesses can meet their demands for low-cost and flexible labour and Governments are spared the task of having to fight the issue out in a highly politicized public arena. 38 All in all, undocumented migrants' engagement in the economy, be it in the formal economy or not, is not only a necessity for meeting their own need but lead also to economic advantages for the state they live in. discussion of which categories of persons are liable to taxes, or in other ways take part in the economy, and thereby contribute to the financing of the society.…”

Women’s professional activity as an element of human capital management in the aspect of non-formal employment

“…The smallest share was recorded in Austria, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, where the shadow economy approached 8% of GDP, while the largest was recorded in Bulgaria, where the rate was about 1/3 of GDP.Illegal work is essentially a product of two main factors: the incentives of employers to avoid the costs of employing legal labor and law which restricts opportunity for legal labor migration. In some sectors of employment -such as agriculture, construction, hotel and catering, tourism, or cleaning -the restriction of legal work migration possibilities since the 1970s and a lack of supply of workers willing to do low-status, low-paid or seasonal work gives them opportunity to hire illegal immigrant(Boswell & Straubhaar, 2004;Mikalauskiene et al, 2017).…”