The hypersensitive induced reaction 3 (<scp>HIR</scp>3) gene contributes to plant basal resistance via an <scp>EDS</scp>1 and salicylic acid‐dependent pathway

Li, Saisai; Zhao, Jinping; Zhai, Yushan; Yuan, Quan; Zhang, Hehong; Wu, Xinyang; Lu, Yuwen; Peng, Jiejun; Sun, Zongtao; Lin, Lin; Zheng, Hongying; Chen, Jianping; Yan, Fei

doi:10.1111/tpj.14271

Cited by 58 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…NbHIR3s induce HR in a SA-dependent manner (Li S. et al, 2019), which is similar to what we now report for NbHRLI4. However, it appears that these proteins may regulate cell death by independent pathways (Supplementary Figure 7).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In our previous study, we showed that NbHIR3s induced HR in an SA-dependent manner (Li S. et al, 2019), and this resembles what we have now found with NbHRLI4. However, when TRV-based knockdown of each gene was combined with ectopic overexpression analyses, there were no significant differences in the degree of HR, suggesting that NbHRLI4 and NbHIR3s regulate cell death by independent pathways (Supplementary Figure 5).…”

Section: Relationship Between Nbhrli4 and Nbhir3ssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…TuMV inoculation of N. benthamiana results in local necrotic spots and systemic necrosis, and it has been shown that heterotrimeric G-proteins promote this host cell death as a defense response to TuMV (Brenya et al, 2016). We have also previously reported that NbHIR3s induces cell death via an SA-dependent pathway and are essential for the resistance this provides (Li S. et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Genome-Wide Identification Reveals That Nicotiana benthamiana Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Like Lesion Inducing Protein 4 (NbHRLI4) Mediates Cell Death and Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses to Turnip Mosaic Virus

Lai

Rao

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death is an important mechanism that mediates the plant response to pathogens. In our previous study, we reported that NbHIR3s regulate HR-like cell death and basal immunity. However, the host genes involved in HR have rarely been studied. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing to identify Niben101Scf02063g02012.1, an HR-like lesion inducing protein (HRLI) in Nicotiana benthamiana that was significantly reduced by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). HRLIs are uncharacterized proteins which may regulate the HR process. We identified all six HRLIs in N. benthamiana and functionally analyzed Niben101Scf02063g02012.1, named NbHRLI4, in response to TuMV. Silencing of NbHRLI4 increased TuMV accumulation, while overexpression of NbHRLI4 conferred resistance to TuMV. Transient overexpression of NbHRLI4 caused cell death with an increase in the expression of salicylic acid (SA) pathway genes but led to less cell death level and weaker immunity in plants expressing NahG. Thus, we have characterized NbHRLI4 as an inducer of cell death and an antiviral regulator of TuMV infection in a SA-mediated manner.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Relationship Between Nbhrli4 and Nbhir3ssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Genome-Wide Identification Reveals That Nicotiana benthamiana Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Like Lesion Inducing Protein 4 (NbHRLI4) Mediates Cell Death and Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses to Turnip Mosaic Virus

Lai

Rao

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Salicylic acid (SA, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid) is an important phytohormone that controls defence reactions in plants challenged by pathogens [1,2]. SA is produced in the cells located at the site of the pathogen attack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1

Pokotylo

Hellal

Bouceba

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Salicylic acid (SA) has an essential role in the responses of plants to pathogens. SA initiates defence signalling via binding to proteins. NPR1 is a transcriptional co-activator and a key target of SA binding. Many other proteins have recently been shown to bind SA. Amongst these proteins are important enzymes of primary metabolism. This fact could stand behind SA’s ability to control energy fluxes in stressed plants. Nevertheless, only sparse information exists on the role and mechanisms of such binding. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was previously demonstrated to bind SA both in human and plants. Here, we detail that the A1 isomer of chloroplastic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA1) from Arabidopsis thaliana binds SA with a KD of 16.7 nM, as shown in surface plasmon resonance experiments. Besides, we show that SA inhibits its GAPDH activity in vitro. To gain some insight into the underlying molecular interactions and binding mechanism, we combined in silico molecular docking experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on the free protein and protein–ligand complex. The molecular docking analysis yielded to the identification of two putative binding pockets for SA. A simulation in water of the complex between SA and the protein allowed us to determine that only one pocket—a surface cavity around Asn35—would efficiently bind SA in the presence of solvent. In silico mutagenesis and simulations of the ligand/protein complexes pointed to the importance of Asn35 and Arg81 in the binding of SA to GAPA1. The importance of this is further supported through experimental biochemical assays. Indeed, mutating GAPA1 Asn35 into Gly or Arg81 into Leu strongly diminished the ability of the enzyme to bind SA. The very same cavity is responsible for the NADP+ binding to GAPA1. More precisely, modelling suggests that SA binds to the very site where the pyrimidine group of the cofactor fits. NADH inhibited in a dose-response manner the binding of SA to GAPA1, validating our data.

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“…Dual-specificity phosphatase 28 limits the spread of the HR response after infection by necrotrophic pathogens including Botrytis cinereal [120]. For fungus-plant interactions, UBX domain-containing protein 2 and hypersensitive-induced response protein 3 negatively regulate the powdery mildew-plant interaction [121] and contribute to plant basal resistance via an EDS1 and SA dependent pathway [122,123]. In particular, internalin A was differentially expressed in symbiotic zooxanthellae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of novel differentially expressed zooxanthellal genes fromAiptasia-Symbiodiniumendosymbiosis through SDS-based RNA purification

Chen

Song

Chen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Endosymbiosis between dinoflagellates and cnidarian hosts first occurred more than 200 million years ago; however, symbiosis-specific genes and cellular processes involved in the establishment, maintenance, and breakdown of endosymbiosis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the zooxanthellal genes associated with the aforementioned biological processes during endosymbiosis in Aiptasia-Symbiodinium endosymbionts. Here, zooxanthellae isolates were treated with 0.02% SDS to decrease potential host RNA contamination and to enhance the identification of novel symbiosis/nonsymbiosis-associated differentially expressed zooxanthellal genes through suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Consequently, among 214 symbiosis-specific transcripts identified herein that displayed identity to only 5.6% of host-derived transcripts, 64% were well-known functional genes. In the nonsymbiotic stage, 181 differentially expressed transcripts were identified, of which 64.1% belonged to well-known functional genes. BLAST revealed that 8 categories of cellular processes were significantly induced in symbiotic or nonsymbiotic zooxanthellae. Together with the results of quantitative analysis, the results revealed that photosynthesis, flagellate biosynthesis and motility, stress-induced responses, cell wall biosynthesis, starch synthesis and transport, lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, host/symbiont immune response, intercellular communication, cell growth, and cell cycle regulation were the major cellular processes occurring in symbiotic/nonsymbiotic stages. The present results provide insights into the mechanisms involved in regulating the different physiological processes in symbiotic/nonsymbiotic zooxanthellae and may guide future studies.

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The hypersensitive induced reaction 3 (HIR3) gene contributes to plant basal resistance via an EDS1 and salicylic acid‐dependent pathway

Cited by 58 publications

References 61 publications

Genome-Wide Identification Reveals That Nicotiana benthamiana Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Like Lesion Inducing Protein 4 (NbHRLI4) Mediates Cell Death and Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses to Turnip Mosaic Virus

Genome-Wide Identification Reveals That Nicotiana benthamiana Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Like Lesion Inducing Protein 4 (NbHRLI4) Mediates Cell Death and Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses to Turnip Mosaic Virus

Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1

Identification of novel differentially expressed zooxanthellal genes fromAiptasia-Symbiodiniumendosymbiosis through SDS-based RNA purification

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