The hydrogen molecule as antioxidant therapy: clinical application in hemodialysis and perspectives

Abstract

Increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory conditions, commonly present in chronic dialysis patients, are thought to be enhanced during hemodialysis (HD) and to be associated with the excess morbidity and mortality seen in these patients. The hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) has a unique biological capacity to act as an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory substance. In light of accumulating evidence from animal studies showing protective effects against organ damage during ischemia and inflammation, development of H 2 treatments for HD patients has become a challenging clinical goal. An HD system utilizing a water electrolysis technique that renders large amounts of H 2 -enriched water has been developed. During HD with an H 2 -enriched solution (approximately 50 ppb H 2 ), markers of increased oxidative stress (such as interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, methemoglobin, increased lymphocyte apoptosis, and high blood pressure) are suppressed. These findings indicate that the use of an H 2 -enriched solution may prove to be a novel approach to ameliorate dialysis-related complications. This manuscript reviews the recent progress in H 2 research and the use of H 2 in HD patients, including a description of a water electrolysis technique that delivers large amounts of H 2 -enriched water for use in clinical settings.

Safety and efficacy of a COVID‑19 treatment with nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care vs. usual medical care alone: A randomized, open‑label, controlled trial

“…For instance, a study suggested that intraperitoneal administration of hydrogen-rich saline to rats with ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury, prevented fibrosis damage and improved renal function ( 99 ). The use of a hydrogen-enriched solution during hemodialysis therapies in patients diminished pro-inflammatory markers and prevented complications related to oxidative stress ( 100 ). For the case of the benefits observed in damaged lung, a study performed in mice with chronic lung injury induced by hypoxia/re-oxygenation, demonstrated that inhalation of molecular hydrogen attenuated preexistent lung injuries ( 101 ).…”

“…Treatment with molecular antioxidants reduces intracellular levels of influenza virus polymerase, providing a possible mechanism of viral titer reduction in response to antioxidant treatment (98). Additionally, it has been demonstrated that small antioxidant molecules, specifically molecular hydrogen, produce anti-inflammatory effects over multiple COVID-19 target organs, such as the lung, kidney, liver and brain, when compromised by acute and/or chronic diseases (97,(99)(100)(101)(102). For instance, a study suggested that intraperitoneal administration of hydrogen-rich saline to rats with ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury, prevented fibrosis damage and improved renal function (99).…”

Quantification of dissolved H2 and continuous monitoring of hydrogen-rich water for haemodialysis applications: An experimental study

“…Fang et al 20 used 0 6 . / mmol L hydrogenrich saline for infusions, whereas Nakayama et al 1,[29][30][31] has reported concentrations of dissolved hydrogen in dialysate ranging from 30 to 210 ppb in HD therapies. Therefore, concentrations of dissolved molecular hydrogen in the range of 20 250 2…”

“…17,20,28 Recently, a novel HD system delivering an H 2 -enriched dialysis solution has been implemented and reported a significant suppression of oxidative stress markers, including a reduction of high blood pressure levels in patients undergoing the treatment. 1,[29][30][31] Similarly, oral administration of H 2 -enriched water has effectively limited the oxidative stress response in a pilot study with rheumatoid arthritis patients, 27 and has improved lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. 32 Although the use of H 2 is generally recognised to have beneficial anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory biological effects, little attention has been given to experimental approaches that can accurately trace its clinical dosage in vivo, namely in patients' bloodstream, which is the main focus of the present work.…”

Environmental Remediation Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide: Adsorption and Catalysis

“…Meanwhile, the shortage of water resources calls for efficient technologies for decontamination of wastewater, as well as the technologies for the seawater desalination. Hydrogen-dissolved water (electrochemically reduced water) studies performing high functionality are recently in hot topic [5,6]. Not to mention, over one half of the world population, mainly in Asia has to face a severe scarcity of safe water [7].…”