The household‐level economic burden of heart disease in <scp>I</scp>ndia

Karan, Anup; Engelgau, Michael M.; Mahal, Ajay

doi:10.1111/tmi.12281

Cited by 58 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The estimated prevalence of hypertension among the adult world population was 26.4% (972 million) in 2000 with an estimated prevalence of 29.2% (1.5 billion) in 2025 [2]. Therefore, it is becoming a global public health threat, consuming a large percentage of public health expenditures [3]. Although its prevalence varies among countries, it is increasing in developing countries [4–9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to and facilitators of hypertension management in Asmara, Eritrea: patients’ perspectives

Gebrezgi

Trepka

Kidane

2017

J Health Popul Nutr

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BackgroundPersonal hypertension management is a cornerstone in the prevention of hypertension complications. In Eritrea, the increase in the national life expectancy rate has been accompanied by an increase in hypertension complications such as stroke. Hence, this study was designed to identify barriers and facilitates to hypertension management from the perspective of the patients.MethodsThis was a qualitative study of a total of 48 individual in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions. It was conducted among hypertensive patients who were attending outpatient services at two hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea.ResultsThis study identified barriers and facilitators of hypertension management related to the individual patient, family and community, and healthcare system. With respect to individual factors, economic barriers, stress, non-adherence to medications due to the use of traditional remedies, and difficulties and misconceptions about following physical activity guidelines were mentioned as barriers to hypertension management. Related to the community and healthcare system, low community awareness, community stigma, and inadequate health promotion materials were stated as barriers. Individual knowledge, family, and government support were reported as very important factors to the patient’s success in the personal hypertension management.ConclusionsCounseling patients about adherence to medication, strengthening family and government support, and empowering families and the community with appropriate knowledge of hypertension management could potentially help in an individual’s adherence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to and facilitators of hypertension management in Asmara, Eritrea: patients’ perspectives

Gebrezgi

Trepka

Kidane

2017

J Health Popul Nutr

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“…97 Consequently, CVD-affected households with lower SES are at an increased risk of distress financing or catastrophic health expenditure. 98 Out-of-pocket payments are not only a feature of acute care, but are also evident in chronic care. For example, the low-income group in urban (rural) India spends 34% (27%) of its annual family income for diabetes care.…”

Section: Determinants Of Cvd In Indiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Diseases in India

2016

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Abstract-Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have now become the leading cause of mortality in India. A quarter of all mortality is attributable to CVD. Ischemic heart disease and stroke are the predominant causes and are responsible for >80% of CVD deaths. The Global Burden of Disease study estimate of age-standardized CVD death rate of 272 per 100 000 population in India is higher than the global average of 235 per 100 000 population. Some aspects of the CVD epidemic in India are particular causes of concern, including its accelerated buildup, the early age of disease onset in the population, and the high case fatality rate. In India, the epidemiological transition from predominantly infectious disease conditions to noncommunicable diseases has occurred over a rather brief period of time. Premature mortality in terms of years of life lost because of CVD in India increased by 59%, from 23.2 million (1990) to 37 million (2010). Despite wide heterogeneity in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors across different regions, CVD has emerged as the leading cause of death in all parts of India, including poorer states and rural areas. The progression of the epidemic is characterized by the reversal of socioeconomic gradients; tobacco use and low fruit and vegetable intake have become more prevalent among those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds frequently do not receive optimal therapy, leading to poorer outcomes. Countering the epidemic requires the development of strategies such as the formulation and effective implementation of evidencebased policy, reinforcement of health systems, and emphasis on prevention, early detection, and treatment with the use of both conventional and innovative techniques. Several ongoing community-based studies are testing these strategies.

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“…10 It imposes a serious economic burden on individuals, households, healthcare systems and the entire nation as a whole. 11 HTN is a silent killer, because people who have it are often symptom free or unaware of the disease. Once identified, elevated BP should be monitored at regular intervals because it is a lifelong disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among school teachers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

et al. 2018

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Background: School teachers in urban area are experiencing sedentary life style behaviors. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension (HTN) among school teachers in Dhaka city.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from May to October of 2017. Total 323 school teachers in Dhaka city aged between 25-59 years were enrolled using cluster random sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic profile, different risk factors, co-morbidities, family history and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. HTN was recorded according to pre-defined criteria. Factors associated with HTN analyzed by Chi-square test (χ2).Results: The prevalence of HTN among school teachers was 52%. The mean ± SD age was 46.5±7.8 years. Majority teachers (52%) were earning between 20,000 and 50,000 Bangladeshi Taka per month and about 61.6% had service duration >15 years. Development of HTN was significantly associated with age, monthly family income and service duration (p=0.001). Majority participants were female (65.6%) and female to male ratio was 1.9:1. Female teachers were more hypertensive compared to male (68% vs 32%). Taking extra salt (OR 1.977, 95% CI 1.269-3.079), low intake of fresh vegetables (OR 2.048, 95% CI 1.228-3.416), higher waist circumference (OR 1.990, 95% CI 1.006-3.933) and mental distress (OR 1.724, 95% CI 1.045-2.844) were found to be significantly associated with HTN.Conclusions:The prevalence of HTN was higher among the study participants. Building awareness by promoting healthy life style and behaviors for prevention and control of HTN should be given importance among teachers.

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The household‐level economic burden of heart disease in India

Cited by 58 publications

References 21 publications

Barriers to and facilitators of hypertension management in Asmara, Eritrea: patients’ perspectives

Barriers to and facilitators of hypertension management in Asmara, Eritrea: patients’ perspectives

Cardiovascular Diseases in India

Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among school teachers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

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