The History of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis

Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Zuzanna; Figlerowicz, Magdalena; Mazur‐Melewska, Katarzyna

doi:10.3390/pathogens11121540

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Sci. 2023, 24, 16660 2 of 31 the GI system [6], and the newest research supports these observations. The microbiota, for instance, can regulate hormonal or inflammatory responses, which impact digestive tract function as well as brain development and maturation [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Lewandowska-Pietruszka,

Figlerowicz,

Mazur-Melewska

2023

IJMS

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by several core symptoms: restricted interests, communication difficulties, and impaired social interactions. Many ASD children experience gastrointestinal functional disorders, impacting their well-being. Emerging evidence suggests that a gut microbiota imbalance may exacerbate core and gastrointestinal symptoms. Our review assesses the gut microbiota in children with ASD and interventions targeting microbiota modulation. The analysis of forty-four studies (meta-analyses, reviews, original research) reveals insights into the gut microbiota–ASD relationship. While specific microbiota alterations are mixed, some trends emerge. ASD children exhibit increased Firmicutes (36–81%) and Pseudomonadota (78%) and decreased Bacteroidetes (56%). The Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio tends to be lower (56%) compared to children without ASD, which correlates with behavioral and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus strains, show promise in alleviating behavioral and gastrointestinal symptoms (66%). Microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) seems to have lasting benefits for the microbiota and symptoms in one longitudinal study. Prebiotics can potentially help with gastrointestinal and behavioral issues, needing further research for conclusive efficacy due to different interventions being used. This review highlights the gut microbiota–ASD interplay, offering potential therapeutic avenues for the gut–brain axis. However, study heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and methodological variations emphasize the need for comprehensive, standardized research. Future investigations may unveil complex mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to ASD, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Lewandowska-Pietruszka,

Figlerowicz,

Mazur-Melewska

2023

IJMS

Self Cite

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“…The gut microbiota (GM) and its connection to the brain referred to as gut-brain axis (GBA) have become an area of intensive research in the last few years. Although from the earliest centuries, gastrointestinal system was suspected as the root cause of physical and mental illnesses, only recently the GBA is being touted as a potential therapeutic target [56]. This approach has been validated by the observation that GBA closely interacts with the immune system and can exert profound influence on inflammatory processes.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Glial Cells in Depression and Drug Addiction

Tizabi,

Getachew,

Hauser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social concerns. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward circuitries has been achieved, only relatively recently the role of glia in these disorders have attracted attention. Detail understanding of the glial function in these devastating diseases could offer novel interventions. Here, following a brief review of circuitries involved in mood regulation and reward perception, specific contribution of the neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation and gut microbiota to these diseases are highlighted. In this context, the role of specific glial cells (e.g., microglia, astroglia, oligodendrocytes and synantocytes) on phenotypic manifestation of MDD or SUD are emphasized. In addition, potential use of this knowledge in developing novel therapeutics is touched upon.

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“…Interestingly, the frequency of SIBO is increased in a number of nervous and rheumatic diseases, which may support the existence of the gut-brain[ 157 - 159 ] and gut-joint[ 160 - 162 ] axes, suggesting that the products of gut microbiota metabolism can directly or indirectly affect emotional-cognitive and immune function[ 163 ], predisposing individuals to the development of these diseases, which is well illustrated by the example of hepatic encephalopathy[ 164 , 165 ] and reactive arthritis[ 166 , 167 ].…”

Section: Sibo and Other Diseases: Common Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Efremova,

Maslennikov,

Poluektova

et al. 2023

World J Gastroenterol

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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as an increase in the bacterial content of the small intestine above normal values. The presence of SIBO is detected in 33.8% of patients with gastroenterological complaints who underwent a breath test, and is significantly associated with smoking, bloating, abdominal pain, and anemia. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a significant risk factor for SIBO. The risk of SIBO increases with age and does not depend on gender or race. SIBO complicates the course of a number of diseases and may be of pathogenetic significance in the development of their symptoms. SIBO is significantly associated with functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, lactase deficiency, diverticular and celiac diseases, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, cirrhosis, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), primary biliary cholangitis, gastroparesis, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, gallstone disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, acromegaly, multiple sclerosis, autism, Parkinson’s disease, systemic sclerosis, spondylarthropathy, fibromyalgia, asthma, heart failure, and other diseases. The development of SIBO is often associated with a slowdown in orocecal transit time that decreases the normal clearance of bacteria from the small intestine. The slowdown of this transit may be due to motor dysfunction of the intestine in diseases of the gut, autonomic diabetic polyneuropathy, and portal hypertension, or a decrease in the motor-stimulating influence of thyroid hormones. In a number of diseases, including cirrhosis, MAFLD, diabetes, and pancreatitis, an association was found between disease severity and the presence of SIBO. Further work on the effect of SIBO eradication on the condition and prognosis of patients with various diseases is required.

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The History of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Role of Glial Cells in Depression and Drug Addiction

Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

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