The history of the 4004

Faggin, Federico; Hoff, Marcian E.; Mazor, Stanley; Shima, M.

doi:10.1109/40.546561

Cited by 52 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The subthreshold leakage current could dictate a limit to the ultimate downsizing. Apparently it is not possible to decrease the threshold voltage to less than 0.1 V in order to keep a high I on /I off ratio, in the range of 10 4 -10 6 . That makes the supply voltage reduction lay beyond the scaling rule.…”

Section: New Device Structuresmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The density of a typical microprocessor chip, one of the key indicators of Moore's law, has been quadrupled every three years while the minimum transistor feature size has been reduced to some thousandth in the past five decades. The history of modern large-scale integrated chip development can be dated back to the early 1970's when semiconductor memory chips [5] and microprocessors [6] have been fabricated using the 10-lm p-channel MOS transistors. This technology has now evolved into the decananometer range ($16 nm in gate length, in 2014), in a time span of 43 years and into the frame of 18 generations [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

On the scaling of subnanometer EOT gate dielectrics for ultimate nano CMOS technology

Wong

Iwai

2015

Microelectronic Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: New Device Structuresmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the scaling of subnanometer EOT gate dielectrics for ultimate nano CMOS technology

Wong

Iwai

2015

Microelectronic Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Beyond their original applications, it was unclear what the market was for these first microprocessors. 19,20 Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation in 1968 and founded Intel Corporation for the express purpose of producing proprietary memory products. However, as in most start-up companies, there was a desire, for cash flow reasons, to do a certain amount of custom work.…”

Section: In Search Of Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The history of the microprocessor

2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Robust crosslinked capsules are produced from water droplets stabilized by oil/water interfacial assembly of norbornene‐functionalized CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dots that can be crosslinked by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (see Figure). The mechanical integrity of the capsules is maintained after removal of the interface. An amphiphilic polyethylene glycol‐substituted ruthenium benzylidene catalyst proved ideal for this interfacial polymerization.

show abstract

“…Den Anfang macht der erste, von der Firma Intel im Jahre 1971 auf den Markt gebrachte Mikroprozessor mit der Bezeichnung 4004 [3,18]. Dieser Chip enthielt 2'300 Transistoren mit einer Strukturgrösse von 10 μm auf einer Chipfläche von 12 mm 2 .…”

Section: Technologische Fortschritteunclassified

Architektur moderner RISC-Mikroprozessoren

Eberle¹

1997

Informatik-Spektrum

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zusammenfassung: Seit der Entwicklung des ersten Mikroprozessors vor rund 25 Jahren konnte die Prozessorleistung kontinuierlich um jährlich 50 % verbessert werden. Diese Leistungsverbesserung ist im wesentlichen den Fortschritten der Halbleiterindustrie zu verdanken, welche den Entwicklern von integrierten Schaltungen einerseits immer schnellere Transistoren und andererseits eine immer grössere Anzahl Transistoren auf einem Chip zur Verfügung stellt. Damit kann die Prozessorleistung erhöht werden, ohne dass Änderungen an der Prozessororganisation nötig sind: die höhere Schaltgeschwindigkeit erlaubt es, Instruktionen schneller auszuführen, und die höhere Integrationsdichte kann dazu benutzt werden, breitere Datenpfade zu realisieren und damit breitere Operandenworte zu verarbeiten. Daneben sind aber auch architektonische Erweiterungen wesentlich mitverantwortlich an der Erhöhung der Rechenleistung. Die beiden wichtigsten Techniken, um die Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit von Mikroprozessoren weiter zu erhöhen, sind die Pipelineverarbeitung und die Verwendung von Cachespeichern. Die Pipelineverarbeitung erlaubt es, mehrere Operationen parallel auszuführen, während Cachespeicher einen schnelleren Zugriff auf Operationen und Operanden ermöglichen.In diesem Artikel werden die erwähnten Techniken besprochen und deren Anwendung in modernen RISC-Mikroprozessoren aufgezeigt.Schlüsselwörter: RISC, Mikroprozessoren, Pipelineverarbeitung, Cachespeicher. Abstract:Since the introduction of the first microprocessor some 25 years ago processor performance has been improved by 50 % per year. This improvement is mainly the result of advances made by the semiconductor industry, which is producing faster and faster transistors and integrating more and more transistors on a single chip. Thus, processor performance can be improved without changing the organization of the processor: higher switching speeds make it possible to execute instructions faster and higher integration density allows to build wider data paths and, with it, to process wider operand words. However, enhanced processor architectures have also contributed significantly to higher processor performance. The two most important techniques to further improve processor performance are pipelining and caching. Pipelining makes it possible to execute several instructions in parallel and caching allows for shorter access times to operations and operands. This paper discusses the mentioned techniques and their application in modern RISC microprocessors.

show abstract

The history of the 4004

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

On the scaling of subnanometer EOT gate dielectrics for ultimate nano CMOS technology

On the scaling of subnanometer EOT gate dielectrics for ultimate nano CMOS technology

The history of the microprocessor

Architektur moderner RISC-Mikroprozessoren

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About