The History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

O’Dowd, Michael J.; Philipp, E

doi:10.1201/9780367807986

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Hippocrates is said to have described the technique of listening to the internal activity of the body by placing the ear on the skin proximal to the organ under examination. However, the perception of fetal heart sounds using this method was not reported until the 1600s [1]. Little attention appears to have been given to fetal heart auscultation until 1818, when it was discussed by both Mayor and de Kergaradec [2] to determine whether the fetus was alive or dead.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation

Lewis¹,

Downe

2015

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation

Lewis¹,

Downe

2015

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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“…He developed many theories related to menstruation, conception, pregnancy and infertility. [3] Herophilus (300 BC)…”

Section: Hippocrates (Buqrāṭ 460-377 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Egyptians were aware of surface anatomy and they distinguished between the uterus and vagina. [3] Al-Raḥim (Uterus) is a major hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the Niẓām-i-TawlīdiyyaZananah (Female Reproductive System) that contains glands in its lining that secrete uterine milk for embryonic nourishment. Anatomically, the uterus includes the uterine body, isthmus of the uterus, and cervix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Unani Physicians in Tashrīḥ al-Raḥim (Anatomy of the Uterus): A Systematic Review

Khan,

Ansari,

Quadri

et al. 2024

JASR

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The Unani System of Medicine pioneered in Greece and was developed by Arabs into an elaborate medical science based on the frame work of the teaching of Buqrāṭ (Hippocrates) and Jālīnūs (Galen). Since that time Unani Medicine has been known as Grek-o-Arab Medicine. Tashrīḥ-al-badan (Anatomy) is one of the oldest basic sciences. In Alexandria (1st recorded school of anatomy) where the renowned anatomical teachers Herophilus and Erasistratus dissected the human body and described many of its structures. Herophilus (335-280 B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) were the earliest who emphasized about the knowledge of human anatomy and laid the foundation of the subject, Tashrīḥ-al-badan (Anatomy). Galen's description of the "one-sex model" depicted the female and male reproductive organs as homologous anatomical structures, with differences only in location, size, and complexity. Woman is given prime importance in our classics since ancient times as it is the root cause for progeny. This paper enlightens the admirable work done by Unani physicians, who compiled their observations and research work about Tashrīḥ al-Raḥim (anatomy of uterus) which is present in our ancient Unani literature. To compile the contribution of Unani physicians in anatomy of uterus we search and collect the material from Unani classical reference books Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb, Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a al-Ṭibbiyya, Al-Manṣūrī fi’l Ṭibb, Modern books, Journal, Research Paper, and Online resources etc.

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“…described the cessation of menstruation as occurring around the age of 40. [2] Discussions on the cessation of menstruation continue throughout literature, including mentions in the Bible. Although mentioned throughout literature, little is said about the actual experience of menopause.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The History of Estrogen Therapy

Kohn

Rodríguez

Hotaling

et al. 2019

Sexual Medicine Reviews

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Introduction: Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has proven an effective treatment for the amelioration of symptoms of menopause. The idea that a substance was the missing factor in a woman's body after menopause dates to the 1800's when cow ovarian tissue was injected into German women in a successful attempt to reverse the sexual symptoms of menopause. The early 1900's saw the rise of commercialized menopause "treatments" that ranged in substance, and even theoretical, efficacy. The role of estrogen was first accurately described in Guinea pigs in 1917 by Dr. Papanicolaou.Aim: Here we tell a detailed history of how estrogen was discovered and the controversy surrounding MHT.Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies and historical documents regarding the history of estrogen therapy. Results:The history of estrogen supplementation and its controversies are interesting stories and relevant to today's ongoing investigation into hormone replacement. Conclusion:The controversy of MHT remained until the first randomized trials examining MHT in the early 1990s that suggested MHT to be cardioprotective for post-menopausal women, though this conclusion was contradicted in subsequent trials. In the present day, MHT is approved only for short term use for the symptomatic treatment of menopause.

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The History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation

FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation

Contribution of Unani Physicians in Tashrīḥ al-Raḥim (Anatomy of the Uterus): A Systematic Review

The History of Estrogen Therapy

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