The Hidden Burden of Trichinellosis in Vietnam: A Postoutbreak Epidemiological Study

Thi, Nga Vu; Trung, Dung; Litzroth, Amber; Praet, Nicolas; Thu, Huong Nguyen; Thu, Hien Nguyen; Manh, Hung Nguyen; Dorny, Pierre

doi:10.1155/2013/149890

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In some countries (such as Mexico, Argentine, Thailand, China, Vietnam and some Eastern European countries), pigs are frequently raised in backyards where pigs were often fed on raw swills [ 30 , 31 ], the prevalence of swine Trichinlla infection is higher in backyards and small farms of some countries. It is very difficult to change the farmers’ habits of pig breeding with raw swills.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by TsNd vaccine in mice

et al. 2015

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BackgroundWe have previously reported that Trichinella spiralis Nudix hydrolase (TsNd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and vaccination of mice with recombinant TsNd protein (rTsNd) produced a partial protective immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune protection induced by TsNd DNA vaccine.MethodsThe full-length cDNA sequence of TsNd gene was cloned into pcDNA3.1 and used to immunize BALB/c mice by intramuscular injection. Transcription and expression of TsNd were detected by RT-PCR and IFT. The levels of specific IgA, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, and cytokines were assayed by ELISA at weeks 0, 6 and 8 post-immunization. The immune protection of TsNd DNA vaccine against challenge infection was investigated.ResultsImmunization of mice with TsNd DNA elicited a systemic Th1/Th2 immune response and a local mucosal IgA response. The in vitro transcription and expression of TsNd gene was observed at all developmental stages of T. spiralis (ML, IIL, AW and NBL). Anti-rTsNd IgG levels were increased after immunization and levels of IgG1 were obviously higher than that of IgG2a. Intestinal specific IgA levels of immunized mice were significantly higher than those of vector and PBS control mice. Cytokine profiling also showed a significant increase in Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, 10) responses in splenocytes of immunized mice on stimulation with rTsNd. Vaccination of mice with pcDNA3.1-TsNd displayed a 40.44% reduction in adult worms and a 53.9% reduction in larval burden.ConclusionsTsNd DNA induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response and partial protection against T. spiralis infection in mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by TsNd vaccine in mice

et al. 2015

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“…According to the literature data from 1975 forwards, about 37,000 dogs were tested for Trichinella spp. by direct and indirect tests in different world regions, and about 21 % tested positive by digestion or by ELISA, most of which were from China [ 10 , 12 , 13 , 31 – 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with Trichinella spp. in wildlife

Morales

Selmi²,

Ludovisi

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundNematode parasites of the genus Trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. Wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. Hunting activities play an important role in Trichinella spp. epidemiology. The aim of the present work was to assess if serological detection of anti-Trichinella IgG in hunting dogs can be a tool to indirectly monitor Trichinella spp. infections in wildlife.MethodsAn ELISA and a Western blot (Wb) were developed and validated. To validate the assays, serum samples were collected from 598 dogs considered to be Trichinella-free, 15 naturally infected dogs, and six experimentally infected foxes. Sera were tested by ELISA with Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory antigens. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 100 % (95 % CI: 83.89–100 %) and 95.65 % (95 % CI: 93.69–97.14 %), respectively. Sera from Trichinella-infected dogs/foxes tested by Wb showed a three-band pattern ranging from 48 to 72 kDa. Since the prevalence of Toxocara canis is very high in dogs, the specificity of the ELISA and Wb was further assessed by testing sera for anti-T. canis IgG using T. canis excretory/secretory antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed. To evaluate the test’s reliability in the field, serum samples were collected from wild boar hunting dogs from Central Italy where Trichinella britovi was circulating among wildlife.ResultsOut of 384 hunting dog sera, 189 (49.2 %) tested positive by ELISA and of these, 56 (29.6 %) tested positive by Wb, showing an overall prevalence of 14.6 % (56/384) in the wild boar hunting dog population of the investigated area. The serological prevalence in hunting dogs was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the hunting district’s altitude. This is in agreement with previous investigations, which had shown that the prevalence of T. britovi in wildlife was higher in mountainous areas than in lowland areas of Italy.ConclusionThe results suggest that the circulation of Trichinella spp. among wildlife can be monitored by testing sera from hunting dogs, which could act as sentinel animals of Trichinella spp. circulation in wildlife.

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“…19 We have to keep in mind that the public health services of Vietnam were alerted and started the investigation several weeks after the infection; consequently, a number of infected persons with mild or moderate infections could have been ignored by the investigators. 18 This could represent a bias when the clinical and epidemiological data of these five outbreaks are compared with the literature data. 30,31 In a review investigation on 5,377 cases of trichinellosis, which occurred worldwide from 1986 to 2009, diarrhea was documented in 27% of patients, fever was documented in 53% of patients, myalgia was documented in 67.0% of patients, and edema was documented in 55.0% of patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18] In addition, clinical and laboratory investigations were carried out of persons from two villages where trichinellosis outbreaks had been documented in 2004 and 2008 and persons without a confirmed diagnosis hospitalized in two provincial hospitals from 2010 to 2012. 19 A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (NovaTec; Immunodiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany) or an in-house ELISA was used to detect antiTrichinella immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum samples of people in the course of the 2008-2012 outbreaks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An in-house ELISA followed by a confirmatory Western blot according to the work by Gó mez-Morales and others 20 were used in the course of the study carried out during the 2012 outbreak and the clinical-epidemiological investigation carried out from 2010 to 2012. 18,19 Laboratory data were available for five people hospitalized in the course of the 2008 outbreak and six people hospitalized in the course of the 2012 outbreak.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trichinellosis in Vietnam

De¹,

Nga²,

Dorny³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five outbreaks of trichinellosis, which affected ethnic minorities living in remote mountainous areas of northwestern Vietnam from 1970 to 2012. Trichinellosis was diagnosed in 126 patients, of which 11 (8.7%) were hospitalized and 8 (6.3%) died. All infected people had consumed raw pork from backyard and roaming pigs or wild boar at wedding, funeral, or New Year parties. The short incubation period (average of 9.5 days), the severity of the symptoms, which were characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, myalgia, edema, weight loss, itch, and lisping, and the high mortality, suggest that patients had ingested a high number of larvae. The larval burden in pigs examined in one of the outbreaks ranged from 70 to 879 larvae/g. These larvae and those collected from a muscle biopsy taken from a patient from the 2012 outbreak were identified as Trichinella spiralis. Data presented in this work show that the northern regions of Vietnam are endemic areas for Trichinella infections in domestic pigs and humans.

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The Hidden Burden of Trichinellosis in Vietnam: A Postoutbreak Epidemiological Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by TsNd vaccine in mice

Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by TsNd vaccine in mice

Hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with Trichinella spp. in wildlife

Trichinellosis in Vietnam

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