The hematopathology of cefonicid- and cefazedone-induced blood dyscrasias in the dog

Bloom, John C.; Lewis, Hugh B.; Sellers, Teresa S.; Deldar, Ahmed; Morgan, D. Gwyn

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90315-2

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The higher prevalence of degenerative and developmental diseases in the control group probably resulted from the noninflammatory nature of such diseases. The previously reported association of toxicoses with neutrophil toxicity [12][13][14] is not supported by this study; however, the inconsistency might be due to differences in type and nature of toxicoses.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

“…[1][2][3][4] However, the association of these changes with disease was described mostly in experimentally induced inflammatory conditions, 6 in anecdotal case reports, and as part of certain hematologic abnormalities observed in series of some bacterial infectious disorders, [1][2][3][4][8][9][10]19,20 and in many other disease conditions in dogs and cats. [8][9][10][12][13][14] Other noninfectious inflammatory conditions reported to be associated with neutrophil toxicity include phenol poisoning, 13 experimental turpentine injections, 5,6 IMHA, 21,22 toxemia, 1 myeloproliferative disorders, 1 drug toxicity, 12,14 and extensive burns. 3 Examination of our data demonstrates that dogs exhibiting neutrophil toxicity are clinically more ill compared to controls, judging by their higher heart rate, higher prevalence of fever, and pale mucus membranes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematological Characteristics, Disease Prevalence, and Prognosis of Dogs Presenting with Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Toxicity

Aroch

Klement

Segev

2005

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity is manifested as an abnormality in cell size or the cytoplasmic content upon examination of Romanowsky-stained blood smears, and is traditionally associated with infection and inflammation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the association of such changes with clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics, diseases, and prognoses in dogs. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity (n ϭ 248) were compared with negative controls (n ϭ 248). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, independent t-tests, nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests, the chi-square trend test, and survival analysis. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly higher prevalence of pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, fever, abdominal organomegaly, icterus, melena, and hematuria. Most mean hematologic variables were significantly different between groups. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly (P Ͻ .05) higher prevalence of leukocytosis, leukopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, anemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia. The prevalence of pyometra, parvovirus infection, acute renal failure, peritonitis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pancreatitis, septicemia, and neoplastic disorders was significantly higher among these dogs. Case fatality, hospitalization length, and treatment cost were significantly (P Ͻ .001) higher in dogs with neutrophil toxicity. Neutrophil toxicity severity was significantly (P Ͻ .0035) and positively associated with neutropenia, and negatively associated with leukocytosis and neutrophilia. A significant trend (P ϭ .05) toward increasing case fatality with an increase of neutrophil toxicity was observed. In the neutrophil toxicity group, dogs with leukopenia (Ͻ5.0 ϫ 10 3 /mm 3 ) had a significantly (P Ͻ .0001) higher case fatality compared to dogs with normal or high leukocyte counts. We conclude that evaluation of blood smears for neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity provides useful clinical information and can serve as a good prognostic predictor.Key words: Canine; Döhle bodies; Hematology; Leukocytes; Toxic changes; Toxic neutrophils.T oxic neutrophils have abnormalities in cell size, nuclear shape and consistency, and cytoplasmic content, which are evident upon examination of Romanowskystained blood smears.1,2 Toxic changes occur in neutrophils during their development in the bone marrow, and are divided into 3 categories: nuclear, cytoplasmic, and giant neutrophils.1,2 The most commonly noted and important changes are the cytoplasmic ones, which include diffuse basophilia, granulation, foamy vacuolation, and the presence of Döhle bodies.1,2 Cytoplasmic basophilia appears as a bluish gray to dark-blue cytoplasm as opposed to the normal neutral cytoplasm of the cell, and results from RNA and ribosome retention in the neutrophil's cytoplasm during the maturation process.1,2 Toxic granulation refers to the presence of azurophilic granules in the neutrophil's cytoplasm, and is pres...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematological Characteristics, Disease Prevalence, and Prognosis of Dogs Presenting with Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Toxicity

Aroch

Klement

Segev

2005

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Differences in the prevalence of toxicologic conditions between cat groups were not found, similar to what was reported for dogs, 20 although these conditions were previously linked with presence of toxic neutrophils. 2,9,17,26 This inconsistency could result from differences in the type and nature of toxicoses between the present study and previous reports.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Toxic Neutrophils in Cats: Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features, and Disease Prevalence and Outcome—a Retrospective Case Control Study

Segev¹,

Klement²,

Aroch³

2006

J Vet Int Med

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Toxic neutrophils exhibit a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities in Romanowsky-stained blood smears, and are associated with inflammation and infection. The purpose of the retrospective study reported here was to investigate the association of toxic neutrophils with clinicopathologic characteristics, diseases, and prognosis in cats. Cats with toxic neutrophils (n = 150) were compared with negative-control cats (n = 150). Statistical analyses included Fisher exact, independent t-, nonparametric Mann-Whitney, and chi-squared tests. Cats with toxic neutrophils had significantly (P < .05) higher prevalence of fever, icterus, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, dehydration, weakness, and cachexia, as well as leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, neutropenia, anemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. The prevalence of shock, sepsis, panleukopenia, peritonitis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract diseases was significantly higher among these cats, as were infectious (viral and bacterial) and metabolic disorders. Control cats had a significantly higher prevalence of feline asthma, as well as allergic, idiopathic, and vascular disorders. Hospitalization duration and treatment cost were significantly (P < .001) higher in cats with toxic neutrophils. In 53 and 47% of the cats with toxic neutrophils, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts were normal, respectively, whereas in 43%, both abnormalities and left shift were absent, and toxic neutrophils were the only hematologic evidence of inflammation or infection. In conclusion, toxic neutrophils were found to be associated with certain clinicopathologic abnormalities, and when present, may aid in the diagnosis, as well as the assessment of hospitalization duration and cost. The evaluation of blood smears for toxic neutrophils provided useful clinical information.

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“…Vitamins, minerals., and trace elements were added daily to the infusate before administration. The TPN solution was provided continuously (IMED 980 volumetric infusion pump; HCI, St Louis, MO) at an initial rate of 5 mL/h and was increased gradually over the first24 hours to 225 mL/kg/d, which was maintained thereafter.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Parenteral Nutrition Alters Molecular and Cellular Indices of Intestinal Inflammation in Neonatal Piglets

Ganessunker

Gaskins

Zuckermann

et al. 1999

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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The hematopathology of cefonicid- and cefazedone-induced blood dyscrasias in the dog

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematological Characteristics, Disease Prevalence, and Prognosis of Dogs Presenting with Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Toxicity

Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematological Characteristics, Disease Prevalence, and Prognosis of Dogs Presenting with Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Toxicity

Toxic Neutrophils in Cats: Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features, and Disease Prevalence and Outcome—a Retrospective Case Control Study

Total Parenteral Nutrition Alters Molecular and Cellular Indices of Intestinal Inflammation in Neonatal Piglets

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