The heat: temperature, police behavior and the enforcement of law

Ryan, Matt

doi:10.1007/s10657-020-09646-6

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…According to Ashby and Tompson (2018), after controlling for other situational factors (such as public holidays and special events) and for the frequency of street crime, increasing temperatures are associated with small increases in police stops, while rain and snow are associated with substantial decreases. The study by Ryan (2020) is the first one examining the relationship between temperature and the enforcement of the law. Ryan suggests that police officers are more likely to issue traffic citations when temperatures are warmer while holding constant driving behaviour (Ryan, 2020).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement

Sutela

Aaltonen

2020

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

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Speeding is dangerous and contributes significantly to traffic safety. Despite that, speeding is not perceived as serious crime, and has been a relatively neglected topic in criminology. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of different temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement. The analysis focuses on two major highways in Finland. Generalized additive models are used to analyse factors influencing the sanction rates. The findings indicate e.g., that high temperatures are associated with higher rates of speeding, and the converse is true for rainfall.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study by Ryan (2020) is the first one examining the relationship between temperature and the enforcement of the law. Ryan suggests that police officers are more likely to issue traffic citations when temperatures are warmer while holding constant driving behaviour (Ryan, 2020).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement

Sutela

Aaltonen

2020

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

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“…For example, a 1994 experiment during police shooting exercises found that subjects felt more threatened by suspects and were more likely to shoot under hotter conditions, 25 which provides support for a physiological reaction to heat. Similarly, a study from Pittsburgh 26 found that police are more likely to issue traffic citations when temperatures are warmer, even after controlling for driving behavior, but a positive relationship between heat and traffic violations was not observed in studies from other locations. 27 , 28 Importantly, a recent working paper using different data and methods than we do here reported a null association with fatal police shootings after attempting to account for increased civilian-police interaction, but did report an association with killings from Tasers and physical restraints on extremely warm days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, 2015–2021

Martinson,

Chang,

D’Souza

et al. 2023

Environmental Epidemiology

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Background: Here, we investigate the association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States between 2015 and 2021. Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study. Data on fatal police shootings were from the Washington Post’s Fatal Force database and temperature data were from Daymet. Results: A 5°C increase in maximum same-day temperature was associated with a 1.033 (95% CI = 1.002, 1.065) increased odds of a fatal police shooting. In stratified analyses, the strongest associations were observed in victims who were armed (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.017, 1.088), White (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.006, 1.100), or aged 45+ (OR, 1.110 [95% CI = 1.044, 1.181]). In additional subgroup analyses, relative risks were also generally higher among those who were armed. Conclusions: There is evidence of an association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, particularly when the victims were reported as armed. This study cannot determine if the associations are a result of any specific causes (e.g., increased police aggression or other factors).

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“…Temperature may also affect violence via changes in law enforcement. For instance, in periods of hot ambient temperature, police officers tend to be more aggressive toward suspects (Vrij, Van Der Steen, and Koppelaar 1994) and more likely to issue traffic citations (Ryan 2020). However, police officers are also more likely to be assaulted or killed during hot days (Annan‐Phan and Ba 2019).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Temperature and Extreme Violence: Evidence From Russia

2020

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We study the relationship between extreme temperatures and violent mortality, employing novel regional panel data from Russia. We find that extremely hot temperatures increase violent mortality, while extremely cold temperatures have no effect. The impact of hot temperature on violence is unequal across gender and age groups, rises noticeably during weekends, and leads to considerable social costs. Our findings also suggest that better job opportunities and lower vodka consumption may decrease this impact. The results underscore that economic policies need to target vulnerable population groups to mitigate the adverse impact of extreme temperatures.

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The heat: temperature, police behavior and the enforcement of law

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement

Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement

Association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, 2015–2021

Extreme Temperature and Extreme Violence: Evidence From Russia

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