The Heart Rates of Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Krzywanek, H. J.; Wittke, G.; Bayer, Alan E.; Borman, Pınar

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1970.tb04170.x

Cited by 45 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The peak, socalled overshoot, is said to be due to the splenic discharge into the venous circulation [6]. This typical HR response to exercise has not been observed in the present study, finding similar to those reported by Krzywanek et al [17] in Thoroughbred racehorses, Art et al [3] in jumping horses and Amory et al [2] and White et al [38,39] in eventing horses. The authors attributed partly this evolution to the fatigue and the need of acceleration at the end of the course, and the same may have been true in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Sci. 61(1): [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 1999 pattern of fibre recruitment, muscle fibre composition and contractil and metabolic properties of the muscular fibres [20,25,38]. Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38].…”

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Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The cardiovascular and metabolic response to two cross-country events (CC*: preliminary level and CC*** advanced level) were analysed in 8 male eventing horses (4 Anglo-Hunter and 4 Anglo-Arabian). This study focused on the establishment of the main metabolic pathways involved in the muscle energy resynthesis during the competitions. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the CC events. Jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn before the warm-up period, immediately after the competitions and at 5 and 10 min in the recuperation period. The following haematological parameters were studied: red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), and number and percentages of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes and monocytes (GRAN). One fraction of blood was centrifuged and, in plasma, lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP) and the rate of LA disappearance were determined. The competitions induced significant increases in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and TPP. Plasma LA response exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l, reaching a maximum level of 13.3 mmol/l. HR ranged from 140 to more than 200 bpm, peaking at 230 bpm, revealing a limitation in the oxygen supply to the working muscles. It was concluded that muscle energy resynthesis during a CC event is provided both through oxidative processes and glycolysis with LA formation. Therefore, both stamina and power exercises are required for eventing horses.-KEY WORDS: equine (eventing horse), haematology, heart rate, lactate.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(1): [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 1999 pattern of fibre recruitment, muscle fibre composition and contractil and metabolic properties of the muscular fibres [20,25,38]. Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38]. However, an important glycolytic capacity is also required during maximal exercise bouts or sprints, as high levels of blood lactate, glycerol, ammonia, hypoxantine, uric acid and allantoin have been found after racing [28,29,34]. Similarly, high muscle concentrations of lactate, hexoses monophosphate, glycerol-3-P and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) have been also presented [9,12,30,34]. Therefore, the success of an equine athlete is linked to the relationship between oxidative and glycolytic capacities. Certain cardiovascular and haematological adaptations are necessary to guarantee a correct oxygen and blood-borne substrates supply to active muscles during exercise and a release of metabolites. These systems could act as limiting factors to the aerobic potential and thereby, could limit the physical performance [15,22,26,32].The metabolic response to two cross-country competitions was assessed in eventing horses, in order to evaluate the different metabolic pathways involved in...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…This increase in the heart rate indicated how excited the racehorses were before the start and may be the preparation for the following intensive bout of sprint exercise. The heart rate at the starting stalls in our study was higher than that reported by Krzywanek et al [19] and this may result in an acceleration in the kinetics of oxygen consumption during subsequent intense exercise, given that a shorter time will be needed for the heart rate to reach maximal frequency as compared with the results of Krzywanek's study. Furthermore, Hada et al [14] demonstrated that psychological stress before intense exercise reduced blood lactate accumulation and enhanced running performance in horses, suggesting that there is increased contribution of aerobic metabolism to total energy production due to the increase in heart rate and haematocrit during intense exercise.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The mean run time of all horses in this study was similar to that of 3-year-olds in maiden races at the Nakayama Racecourse, and the mean speed of the horses was faster than that reported by Krzywanek et al (15.4 m/sec) [19]. These results indicate that the horses used in this study were well-trained and that the races were of moderate quality to represent standard races.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 32%

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Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Mukai

Takahashi

Eto

et al. 2007

JES

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We measured the heart rate before, during and after a 1200-m race, and blood lactate concentration at 10 min after a race in 23 Thoroughbred horses. The heart rate increased when horses were walking through the underground passage and after the jockeys mounted them in the paddock, even though there was no increase in exercise intensity. During the canter from the exit of the underground passage to the starting stalls, the heart rate increased to a peak value of 194.0 ± 2.0 (mean ± SE) beat/min, which was equivalent to 91.1 ± 0.8% of the maximal racing heart rate. In the starting stalls immediately before the start of the race, the heart rate was 171.4 ± 5.3 beat/min. The peak value of the heart rate (HR peak ) during the race was 213.6 ± 1.7 beat/min, and the time taken to reach 95% of HR peak was 12.4 ± 1.8 sec. The blood lactate concentration after the race was 22.5 ± 0.6 mmol/l. The mean speed of the horses was 15.9 ± 0.0 m/s, which was similar to those of 3-year-olds in maiden races. These data could be useful for planning training strategies for Thoroughbred horses.

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Reactive Monomeric Carbonic Acid Derivatives

Kühle

1973

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

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Monomeric carbonic acid derivatives that can react by addition or substitution are systematically discussed according to the three tabular surveys A, B, and c, from which a principle for the classification of carbonic acid derivatives can be readily deduced. For each type of compound, a brief description is given first of the principal syntheses and then of the reactions, and the heterocycles obtainable by addition, disubstitution, or coupled addition-substitution are also considered. The carbonic acid derivatives discussed can be synthesized from very simple and in most cases cheap base chemicals

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The Heart Rates of Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Cited by 45 publications

References 3 publications

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Reactive Monomeric Carbonic Acid Derivatives

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