The Health Effects of Low Level Exposure to Lead

Needleman, Howard L.; Bellinger, David C.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.02.050181.001425

Cited by 145 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Initially considered toxic only at blood lead levels [BLLs] over 60 μg/dL, it is now considered to have no definable threshold below which “no harmful effect” can be determined [3]. Early studies demonstrate the immediate and long-term effects of low Pb level exposure during childhood, such as neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental deficiencies, and effects on growth, hearing, and blood pressure [3,4]. Pb uptake may reduce the intelligence quotient [IQ] of infants and children, and affect some brain responses, even at low BLLs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles

Deshommes

Tardif

Edwards

et al. 2012

Chemistry Central Journal

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In vivo estimations of Pb particle bioavailability are costly and variable, because of the nature of animal assays. The most feasible alternative for increasing the number of investigations carried out on Pb particle bioavailability is in vitro testing. This testing method requires calibration using in vivo data on an adapted animal model, so that the results will be valid for childhood exposure assessment. Also, the test results must be reproducible within and between laboratories. The Relative Bioaccessibility Leaching Procedure, which is calibrated with in vivo data on soils, presents the highest degree of validation and simplicity. This method could be applied to Pb particles, including those in paint and dust, and those in drinking water systems, which although relevant, have been poorly investigated up to now for childhood exposure assessment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles

Deshommes

Tardif

Edwards

et al. 2012

Chemistry Central Journal

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“…For several reasons, children and particularly preschool children represent the population at highest risk. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Results of surveys on biological monitoring of blood concentrations in children in various countries have been published. [10][11][12][13][14] Additonally, relevant investigations in children living around point sources have been carried out.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of lead exposure in high risk groups in Berat, Albania

Tabaku

Bizgha

Rahlenbeck

1998

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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“…Lead exposure may also lead to elevated rates of hypertension (12)(13)(14). At lower doses, lead has been associated with alterations in cognitive development in children (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The nature and degree of the health risks posed by exposures to low levels of lead are a matter of debate but, to date, unequivocally safe exposure levels have not been identified (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Polymorphism in the d-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Gene May Modify the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Lead

Smith¹,

Wang²,

Hu³

et al. 1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Associations between the presence of a constitutional variant of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD-2) and lead concentrations in blood and bone, as well as between this allele and indices of kidney function, were investigated among 691 members of a construction trade union. The average blood lead level in this group was 7.78 micrograms/dl. No significant difference was observed in blood lead concentration in ALAD-2 carriers compared to those homozygous for the more common ALAD-1 allele (7.78 +/- 3.62 micrograms Pb/dl vs. 7.73 ( +/- 3.48 micrograms Pb/dl, respectively; p = 0.73). Bone lead was measured in a subset of 122 of the study subjects. Patella minus tibia lead concentrations for each individual averaged 3.35 +/- 11.99 micrograms Pb/g bone mineral in ALAD-1 homozygotes and 8.62 +/- 9.47 micrograms Pb/g bone mineral in ALAD-2 carriers (p = 0.06). Comparisons of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid by genotype indicated elevated levels among ALAD-2 individuals (p = 0.03 and 0.07, respectively). In logistic regression models accounting for other variables potentially associated with BUN and uric acid levels, BUN was significantly associated with blood lead levels (p = 0.01). Associations of BUN and uric acid levels with ALAD-2 were of borderline statistical significance in these models (p = 0.06 and 0.07). Taken together, these results suggest that the ALAD-2 genotype may influence the pharmacokinetic distribution and chronic renal toxicity of lead, perhaps due to differential binding of lead to the variant protein.

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The Health Effects of Low Level Exposure to Lead

Cited by 145 publications

References 58 publications

Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles

Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles

Biological monitoring of lead exposure in high risk groups in Berat, Albania

A Polymorphism in the d-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Gene May Modify the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Lead

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