The Haitian Perinatal Intervention Project:

Poverty and early childhood parenting: Toward a framework for intervention.

“…But the effects of these stresses are often compounded by the conflict generated when patterns of child rearing that were adaptive in communities of origin are considered maladaptive and even deviant in their new communities (Laosa, 1981). For example, a study of recent Haitian entrants noted the traditional Haitian belief that the good infant and child is quiet, undemanding, and obedient, and the complementary belief that infants are not capable of cognition (Widmayer, Peterson, & Larner, undated). Such beliefs yield children who are often ill-prepared for the demands of formal schooling in the American context.…”