The gut microbiota pathway mechanisms of diabetes

Abstract

The contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota configuration is essential when making reference to the metabolic disorders by increasing energy. It is important to understand that the gut microbiota induced metabolic disease mechanisms and inflammations. Thus it is imperative to have an insight into the state of all chronic subclinical inflammations influencing disease outcomes. However, from the emerging studies, there still exist inconsistencies in the findings of such studies. While making the best out of the reasons for inconsistencies of the findings, this review is designed to make a clear spell out as to the inconsistence of gut microbiota with respect to diabetes. It considered gut-virome alterations and diabetes and gut-bacteriome-gut-virome-alterations and diabetes as confounding factors. The review further explained some study design strategies that will spontaneously eliminate any potential confounding factors to lead to a more evidence based diabetic-gut microbiota medicine. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory, metabolic endotoxemia and diet/gut microbiota insulin-resistance and low-grade systemic inflammation induced by gut microbiota can trigger pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin-resistance, consequently, leading to the diabetic condition. While diet influences the gut microbiota, the consequences are mainly the constant high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulatory system. Of recent, dietary natural products have been shown to be anti-diabetic. The effects of resveratrol on the gut showed an improved lipid profile, anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorated the endotoxemia, tight junction and glucose intolerance.

Polyphenols Influence the Development of Endometrial Cancer by Modulating the Gut Microbiota

“…The relative abundance of Firmicutes is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity [ 163 ]. Insulin resistance may result from chronic inflammation, during which pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and others) can phosphorylate the insulin receptor substrate, converting it into serine, negatively impacting insulin signalling [ 164 ]. It has been shown that Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium contribute to improving mucosal barrier function, resulting in reduced inflammation, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased oxidative stress [ 165 ].…”

Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery

“…The former can initiate blood coagulation (plasma-free clotting) [ 50 ], whereas the latter can cleave substance P and chemokines [ 51 ]. The bulk of the human microbiota inhabits the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), where it modulates diverse aspects such as insulin signaling, behavior, and allergy [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Similar to EVs that play a role in the host’s intercellular communication, microbiota release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play a role in host–microbiota communication [ 56 ].…”

A comprehensive perspective on the interaction between gut microbiota and COVID-19 vaccines

“…The stability, diversity, and composition of the gut microbiota can be impacted by diet, indicating that dietary strategies may be used therapeutically to manipulate it. However, diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota appear to be temporary and may depend on the duration of dietary interventions 93 . Different types of diets can have different effects on the gut microbiota.…”