The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease

Won, Sung‐Min; Park, Eunju; Jeong, Jin‐Ju; Ganesan, Raja; Gupta, Haripriya; Gebru, Yoseph Asmelash; Sharma, Satyapriya; Kim, Dong Joon; Suk, Ki Tae

doi:10.3390/ijms22158309

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Significant advances have been made linking the (gut-derived) metabolome to NAFLD and NASH. This link has also been found through the interaction of the immune system and the gut microbiota and is reviewed elsewhere [42][43][44][45].…”

Section: An Overview Of the Gut Microbiome In Cmd Perspectivementioning

confidence: 91%

The Interaction between the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acids in Cardiometabolic Diseases

2022

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Cardio-metabolic diseases (CMD) are a spectrum of diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome) that are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has long been known that bile acids (BA), which are endogenously produced signalling molecules from cholesterol, can affect CMD risk and progression and directly affect the gut microbiome (GM). Moreover, studies focusing on the GM and CMD risk have dramatically increased in the past decade. It has also become clear that the GM can function as a “new” endocrine organ. BA and GM have a complex and interdependent relationship with several CMD pathways. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the interplay between BA metabolism, the GM, and CMD risk and progression.

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Section: An Overview Of the Gut Microbiome In Cmd Perspectivementioning

confidence: 91%

The Interaction between the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acids in Cardiometabolic Diseases

2022

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“…Persistent dysbiosis leads to persistent bacterial translocation into the liver allograft. This can lead to prolonged upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, which can enhance the development of chronic rejection, particularly if long-term inflammation is observed ( 31 ). Knowledge regarding the impact of the post-LTX microbiome on late ACR and CR is highly limited due to sparce research.…”

Section: Post-ltx Gut Microbial Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive and Prognostic Roles of Gut Microbial Variation in Liver Transplant

Wong

Lim

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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Patients undergoing liver transplant (LTX) typically confront a challenging postoperative journey. A dysbiotic gut microbiome is associated with the development of complications, including post-LTX allograft rejection, metabolic diseases and de novo or recurrent cancer. A major explanation of this are the bipartite interactions between the gut microbiota and host immunity, which modulates the alloimmune response towards the liver allograft. Furthermore, bacterial translocation from dysbiosis causes pathogenic changes in the concentrations of microbial metabolites like lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, with links to cardiovascular disease development and diabetes mellitus. Gut dysbiosis also disrupts bile acid metabolism, with implications for various post-LTX metabolic diseases. Certain taxonomy of microbiota such as lactobacilli, F.prausnitzii and Bacteroides appear to be associated with these undesired outcomes. As such, an interesting but as yet unproven hypothesis exists as to whether induction of a “beneficial” composition of gut microbiota may improve prognosis in LTX patients. Additionally, there are roles of the microbiome as predictive and prognostic indicators for clinicians in improving patient care. Hence, the gut microbiome represents an exceptionally exciting avenue for developing novel prognostic, predictive and therapeutic applications.

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“…However, an increasing number of studies are showing that the contribution of KCs and MoMFs to disease initiation and progression is highly etiology- and model-dependent [ 77 , 79 ]. An important MAMP associated with CLD is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activates hepatic MFs through interaction with TLR4 [ 130 , 131 ]. Indeed, in NAFLD patients, LPS-induced activation of liver MFs is associated with inflammation and fibrosis, and both TLR4 knockout (KO) and clodronate-mediated hepatic MF depletion attenuate experimental NASH [ 132 , 133 ].…”

Section: Macrophages During Gut-liver Axis Disruption In Chronic Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut–Liver Axis in Chronic Liver Disease: A Macrophage Perspective

Muynck

Vanderborght

Vlierberghe

et al. 2021

Cells

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Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing health concern which accounts for two million deaths per year. Obesity, alcohol overconsumption, and progressive cholestasis are commonly characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation and advancing fibrosis, which form the basis for development of end-stage liver disease complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. CLD pathophysiology extends to the intestinal tract and is characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, bile acid dysregulation, and gut barrier disruption. In addition, macrophages are key players in CLD progression and intestinal barrier breakdown. Emerging studies are unveiling macrophage heterogeneity and driving factors of their plasticity in health and disease. To date, in-depth investigation of how gut–liver axis disruption impacts the hepatic and intestinal macrophage pool in CLD pathogenesis is scarce. In this review, we give an overview of the role of intestinal and hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and gut–liver axis disruption in progressive stages of CLD.

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The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease

Cited by 15 publications

References 146 publications

The Interaction between the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acids in Cardiometabolic Diseases

The Interaction between the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acids in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Predictive and Prognostic Roles of Gut Microbial Variation in Liver Transplant

The Gut–Liver Axis in Chronic Liver Disease: A Macrophage Perspective

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