The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Depression

Nanthakumaran, Saruja; Sridharan, Saijanakan; Somagutta, Manoj Reddy; Arnold, Ashley A; May, Vanessa; Pagad, Sukrut; Malik, Bilal Haider

doi:10.7759/cureus.10280

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The vagus nerve is the most direct route of communication between the gut and the brain, thus enabling bidirectional communication. The vagus nerve has also been indicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease [ 21 ], Alzheimer’s disease [ 22 ], and depression [ 23 ]. What these conditions have in common is that they are influenced by the gut microbiota through their metabolites and immune-modulating activity.…”

Section: Pathways Of Communication Along the Microbiota–gut–brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

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One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials

et al. 2022

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The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway that enables the gut microbiota to communicate with the brain through direct and indirect signaling pathways to influence brain physiology, function, and even behavior. Research has shown that probiotics can improve several aspects of health by changing the environment within the gut, and several lines of evidence now indicate a beneficial effect of probiotics on mental and brain health. Such evidence has prompted the arrival of a new term to the world of biotics research: psychobiotics, defined as any exogenous influence whose effect on mental health is bacterially mediated. Several taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. While clinical evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health, and indeed demonstrating the beneficial effects of probiotics is rapidly accumulating, most of the evidence to date has emerged from preclinical studies employing different animal models. The purpose of this review is to focus on the role of probiotics and the microbiota–gut–brain axis in relation to mood disorders and to review the current translational challenges from preclinical to clinical research.

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Section: Pathways Of Communication Along the Microbiota–gut–brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vagus nerve responds to components produced or induced by the gut microbiota, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), endotoxins, peptides, and cytokines [ 20 ]. Furthermore, neurotransmitters such as serotonin produced within the gut influence vagal functionality [ 23 ].…”

Section: Pathways Of Communication Along the Microbiota–gut–brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials

et al. 2022

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“…Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis has previously shown that there is a chronic low-level inflammatory condition in many cases of depression. [ 11 ]…”

Section: Gut–brain Axis In Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Probiotics and gluten-free diet modulate the gut microbiota composition and improve intestinal immune system, resulting in better symptom control. [ 11 ]…”

Section: Gut–brain Axis In Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gut–brain axis

Sharma

Prakash

Yadav

et al. 2021

Industrial Psychiatry Journal

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Since decades, there is a change in concept of the gut–brain axis. There is differential increase in evidences focusing on the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain. It supports existence of far-reaching model of “gut–brain axis.” This axis is attaining more adherence to fields investigating biological and physiological footing of psychiatric, neuro-developmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. Many factors can change microbiota composition in early life as well as with the increasing age. Stress can affect the microbiota–gut–brain axis at every stages of life. Recent advances have involved the gut microbiota in many conditions including severe mental illness, autism, anxiety, obesity, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The current studies target on elaborating the underlying mechanisms of microbiota–gut–brain axis and attempt to exemplify intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

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A Short Oro-Gastric Imipramine Administration in <em>Brucella abortus</em> 2308 Infected Mice Decreases CFU Count at the Spleen; Improves the IFN-γ/IL-6 Ratio; Restores Serotonin Levels in the Hippocampus, Muscular Strength, and Mood

Maldonado-Tapia¹,

Maldonado-García²,

Pérez‐Sánchez³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Brucellosis infection induces fever, chills, sweats, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia, fa-tigue, and mood disorders. In mice, it causes a rise in IL-6, TNF-, and IFN-; and reduces sero-tonin and dopamine levels in hippocampus. There is loss in muscle strength and equilibrium and increased anxiety and hopelessness. Imipramine (ImiP) is a tricyclic antidepressant that increases the capacity of macrophages to destroy intracellular microorganisms in vivo. The effect of ImiP was evaluated in Balb/c mice infected with Brucella abortus 2308. Serum levels were determined in IFN-, IL-6, TNF-, IL-12, MCP-1, and IL-10 by FACS; the bacterial count in the spleen, by CFU; the serotonin concentration in the hippocampus, by HPLC; and strength, equilibrium, and mood by behavioral tests. Our results showed that infected vs. control mice had a significant rise in lev-els of IFN-, IL-6, TNF-, and IL-12 with a low IFN-/IL-6 ratio, elevated bacterial-counts, alter-ations in serotonin concentration at hippocampus, and decreased muscular strength, equilibrium, and mood. Infected mice treated with ImiP vs. infected mice showed: 1) improved mood; 2) in-creased hippocampal serotonin availability, splenic dendritic cells, and macrophage phagocytic activity; and 3) upturn inflammation and reduced CFU ability. Our results support that ImiP fa-vors positive outcomes in subjects handling Brucella infections likely by improving psychoim-mune resilience.

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The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Depression

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials

One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials

Gut–brain axis

A Short Oro-Gastric Imipramine Administration in <em>Brucella abortus</em> 2308 Infected Mice Decreases CFU Count at the Spleen; Improves the IFN-γ/IL-6 Ratio; Restores Serotonin Levels in the Hippocampus, Muscular Strength, and Mood

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