The Growing Interest in Development of Innovative Optical Aptasensors for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Food Products

Abstract

The presence of antimicrobial residues in food-producing animals can lead to harmful effects on the consumer (e.g., allergies, antimicrobial resistance, toxicological effects) and cause issues in food transformation (i.e., cheese, yogurts production). Therefore, to control antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin, screening methods are of utmost importance. Microbiological and immunological methods (e.g., ELISA, dipsticks) are conventional screening methods. Biosensors are an innovative solution for the development of more performant screening methods. Among the different kinds of biosensing elements (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), enzymes), aptamers for targeting antimicrobial residues are in continuous development since 2000. Therefore, this review has highlighted recent advances in the development of aptasensors, which present multiple advantages over immunosensors. Most of the aptasensors described in the literature for the detection of antimicrobial residues in animal-derived food products are either optical or electrochemical sensors. In this review, I have focused on optical aptasensors and showed how nanotechnologies (nanomaterials, micro/nanofluidics, and signal amplification techniques) largely contribute to the improvement of their performance (sensitivity, specificity, miniaturization, portability). Finally, I have explored different techniques to develop multiplex screening methods. Multiplex screening methods are necessary for the wide spectrum detection of antimicrobials authorized for animal treatment (i.e., having maximum residue limits).

Classification of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Level of Industry 4.0 Implementation

“…At the third level of VPi4, these enterprises have an average value of VR, sharing data, and learning software. Some enterprises already use nanotechnologies and 3D printers, which is contrary to the study of Pallas [100], which claims that these technologies attribute predominantly to large companies; Gaudin [101] makes the same claim, but stresses their importance for sustainable development.…”

Fluorescent aptamers for detection and treatment of pathogenic bacteria and cancer

“…Aptamers are multipurpose small oligonucleotides that were first ideated and produced four decades ago (Sullenger, Gallardo, Ungers, & Gilboa, 1990;Tuerk & Gold, 1990). Efforts to revive aptamer research and utilize it for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has gained momentum in recent years (Gaudin, 2020). Progress has been made to improve and customize the SELEX process per the properties required in an aptamer (Lipi et al, 2016).…”

“…Their presence in aptasensors serves as an affordable, sensitive, faster, and reliable visual indicator of pathogen presence that can be quantified as well. To add to it, fluorescent aptasensors offer greater sensitivity and specificity range compared to colorimetric, UV, and infrared equivalents (Paniel & Noguer, 2019;Gaudin, 2020). Yingfu Li and his group adapted a DNA aptamer (RFD-EC1) that cleaves RNA embedded in a DNA chain flanked by a fluorophore and a quencher to measure E. coli K12 content (Aguirre et al, 2013).…”

Onsite/on‐field analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues by a state‐of‐art technology: A review

“…Nowadays, there are numerous applications of QD-APT [164]. Utilizing a QD-APT sensor, acetamiprid was detected at LODs of 0.7 and 7.29 nM [165,166], oxytetracycline was detected at LODs of 0.1 and 1.9 nM in honey water and a milk sample by Ag nanoclusters (AgNCs) and AgNPs, respectively. Oxytetracycline was also detected in water at a level of 25 μg/L by a GO hydrogel [167][168][169].…”