Intracellular Ca2+ distribution is a tightly regulated process. Numerous Ca2+ chelating, storage, and transport mechanisms are required to maintain normal cellular physiology. Ca2+-binding proteins, mainly calmodulin and calbindins, sequester free intracellular Ca2+ ions and apportion or transport them to signaling hubs needing the cations. Ca2+ channels, ATP-driven pumps, and exchangers assist the binding proteins in transferring the ions to and from appropriate cellular compartments. Some, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes, act as Ca2+ repositories. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is inefficient without the active contribution of these organelles. Moreover, certain key cellular processes also rely on inter-organellar Ca2+ signaling. This review attempts to encapsulate the structure, function, and regulation of major intracellular Ca2+ buffers, sensors, channels, and signaling molecules before highlighting how cancer cells manipulate them to survive and thrive. The spotlight is then shifted to the slow pace of translating such research findings into anticancer therapeutics. We use the PubMed database to highlight current clinical studies that target intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Drug repurposing and improving the delivery of small molecule therapeutics are further discussed as promising strategies for speeding therapeutic development in this area.

We compared the effects of using inorganic and organic forms of iron in plant-based diets on cat sh performance in a feeding trial with cat sh ngerlings (initial weight = 6.1 ± 0.2 g). Five diets supplemented with 0 (basal), 125, 250 mg Fe/kg of either FeSO 4 or iron methionine were formulated. Fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and survival were similar among diets. Fish plasma and intestine iron concentration was similar among diets. Fish whole-body total lipid, protein, and dry matter were similar among diets. Ash content was higher in sh fed the basal diet than in other diets. Total liver iron concentration was higher in sh fed diets supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg in both iron forms than other diets. Hematological parameters were similar among diets. Liver necrosis, in ammation, and vacuolization were highest in sh fed the diet supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg from organic iron, followed by those fed diets with 250 mg Fe/kg from inorganic iron. Inorganic iron-supplemented diets caused more intestinal in ammation characterized by increased in ammatory cells, swelling of the villi, and thicker lamina propria than the organic iron-supplemented diets or the basal diet. Organic iron at 250 mg/kg resulted in a 0.143$/kg increase in feed cost. Latent iron de ciency and initial signs of anemia developed in cat sh fed the basal diet. Supplemental iron from either form prevented iron de ciency in sh. Organic iron at 125 mg/kg optimized sh performance at a cost comparable to that of sh fed other diets, but without overt negative effects.

We compared the effects of using inorganic and organic forms of iron in plant-based diets on catfish performance in a feeding trial with catfish fingerlings (initial weight = 6.1 ± 0.2 g). Five diets supplemented with 0 (basal), 125, 250 mg Fe/kg of either FeSO4 or iron methionine were formulated. Fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and survival were similar among diets. Fish plasma and intestine iron concentration was similar among diets. Fish whole-body total lipid, protein, and dry matter were similar among diets. Ash content was higher in fish fed the basal diet than in other diets. Total liver iron concentration was higher in fish fed diets supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg in both iron forms than other diets. Hematological parameters were similar among diets. Liver necrosis, inflammation, and vacuolization were highest in fish fed the diet supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg from organic iron, followed by those fed diets with 250 mg Fe/kg from inorganic iron. Inorganic iron-supplemented diets caused more intestinal inflammation characterized by increased inflammatory cells, swelling of the villi, and thicker lamina propria than the organic iron-supplemented diets or the basal diet. Organic iron at 250 mg/kg resulted in a 0.143$/kg increase in feed cost. Latent iron deficiency and initial signs of anemia developed in catfish fed the basal diet. Supplemental iron from either form prevented iron deficiency in fish. Organic iron at 125 mg/kg optimized fish performance at a cost comparable to that of fish fed other diets, but without overt negative effects.

Doping is defined as the method of introducing a metal ion called dopant (lanthanide or actinide in the text example) into the already existing nanocrystal structure of another metal to enhance optical or electrochemical properties of the latter.2 Photo-blinking is defined as intermittent emission of fluorescent signals seen during continuous excitation of a fluorophore.