The Gross Anatomy of Larynx, Trachae and Syrinx in the Long‐Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)

Abstract

Five long-legged buzzards (Buteo rufinus), weighing 475-570 g, were used in this study. It was determined that long-legged buzzards' larynx is composed of three different cartilages. Among these cartilages, the cricoid and procricoid cartilages were single and the arytenoid cartilage was double. The partially ossified corpus and ala of the cricoid cartilage were connected with cartilaginous plate. Trachea was formed up of complete cartilage circles. The tracheal cartilages were notched in dorsal and ventral directions and a number of the tracheal cartilages inter-mingling one another were between 89-96. Syrinx, which was covered with the inter-clavicular air sac, was in contact with basis cordis. It was observed that there is tracheobronchial type syrinx in long-legged buzzard and this syrinx is formed by two different cartilage groups named as the cartt. tracheosyringeales and cartt. bronchosyringeales. The first cartilage rings of the cartt. tracheosyringeales formed the tympanum. The tympanum, cartt. tracheosyringeales and cartt. bronchosyringeales were created of three, two or three and four cartilage rings, respectively. Membrana tympaniformis lateralis and medialis, two pairs of thin membranes constituting voice formation, also determined in long-legged buzzard. Membrana tympaniformis lateralis was observed to be very short between the first and second cartilage rings of cartt. bronchosyringeales. Although the instrictic syringeal muscles were not present in long-legged buzzard, the sternotracheal and tracheolateral muscles, expressed as extrinsic syringeal muscles, were evident. In this study, which is expected to give contribution to veterinary anatomy literature, the similarities and differences in larynx, trachea and syrinx of long-legged buzzard with other bird species were exposed.

Kazda (Anser anser domesticus) Larynx, Trachae and Syrinx’in Makroskobik Anatomisi

“…In generally, the naming of the m. tracheolateralis was similar to that in the literature 5,8,23,30 , but there were differences among bird species for regarding the insertion of muscle. Kabak et al 5 and Baumel et al 8 reported that the m. tracheolateralis attached to the first cart. bronchosyringealis in long legged buzzard and seagull, Humphrey 30 and Taşbaş et al 31 mentioned that it had attached to the tympanum in Hawaii goose and Denizli rooster.…”

Glycohistochemistry of the lateral tympanic membrane in the syrinx of the Denizli cock

“…The tympanic membranes have also been investigated in several birds (4,20,(26)(27)(28). In the Denizli cock, the LTM lied between the caudal part of the tympanum and the first cartilago bronchialis syringis, and the MTM covered the medial ends of the first 3 bronchial C-shaped rings of the bronchus primarius (23).…”

Anatomical features of the syrinx in sea gulls

“…Tracheobronchial syrinx is consist of tympanum, cartilagines tracheosyringeales and cartilagines bronchosyringeales (1,10,11,14,15,16,17). Two pairs of thin membrane named lateral tympaniform membrane (MTL) and medial tympaniform membrane (MTM) located at syrinx undertake the voice production (1,3,8,10,11,14,15,16,17). They are tensed by instrinsic and extrinsic muscles which surrounds syrinx (15,17).…”

“…Bottom of the trachea or mostly top of bronchus or both of them participates in the formation of syrinx. It has 3 types according to origination and called tracheal, bronchial and tracheobronchial syrinx (1,4,5,10,11,13,14). Tracheobronchial syrinx is consist of tympanum, cartilagines tracheosyringeales and cartilagines bronchosyringeales (1,10,11,14,15,16,17).…”

“…It has 3 types according to origination and called tracheal, bronchial and tracheobronchial syrinx (1,4,5,10,11,13,14). Tracheobronchial syrinx is consist of tympanum, cartilagines tracheosyringeales and cartilagines bronchosyringeales (1,10,11,14,15,16,17). Two pairs of thin membrane named lateral tympaniform membrane (MTL) and medial tympaniform membrane (MTM) located at syrinx undertake the voice production (1,3,8,10,11,14,15,16,17).…”