The Gross Anatomy and Embryology of the Eye

Kronfeld, Peter C.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3090-0.50007-1

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The iris begins to form in the third month of gestation [6] and the structures creating its pattern are largely complete by the eighth month, although pigment accretion can continue into the ÿrst postnatal years. Its complex pattern can contain many distinctive features such as arching ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles, and a zigzag collarette, some of which may be seen in the two irises in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of being random: statistical principles of iris recognition

Daugman

2003

Pattern Recognition

805

413

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The statistical variability that is the basis of iris recognition is analysed in this paper using new large databases. The principle underlying the recognition algorithm is the failure of a test of statistical independence on iris phase structure encoded by multi-scale quadrature wavelets. Combinatorial complexity of this phase information across di erent persons spans about 249 degrees-of-freedom and generates a discrimination entropy of about 3:2 bits=mm 2 over the iris, enabling real-time identiÿcation decisions with great enough accuracy to support exhaustive searches through very large databases. This paper presents the results of 9.1 million comparisons among several thousand eye images acquired in trials in Britain, the USA, Japan and Korea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of being random: statistical principles of iris recognition

Daugman

2003

Pattern Recognition

805

413

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“…Also, likes the texture of fingerprint, the texture of iris is random determined in the period of gestation. The error probability of matching is quite low even though it is not technically testified that the iris's texture is absolutely unique 1,2 . The iris is the colored, thin, circular structured muscle within the eye, which regulates the size of the pupil and thus controls the amount of light that enter the eye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the BP-network-based Iris Recognition

Dai¹,

Li²,

Yu³

et al. 2015

JRNAL

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Iris recognition is the highly trusted identification recognition technology among methods of biological recognition. In this paper, we use the back propagation algorithm to train the neural network, so as to establish the iris recognition system model. The experiment demonstrates that it has a high recognition rate and the recognition speed is reasonable. The proposed method provides a convenient way for iris recognition.

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“…The iris begins to form during the third month of gestation (Kronfeld 1962). The structures creating its striking patterns are developed by the eighth month (Wol¡ 1948), although pigment accretion may continue into the ¢rst postnatal years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic randomness, complexity and singularity of human iris patterns

Daugman

Downing

2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

207

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We investigated the randomness and uniqueness of human iris patterns by mathematically comparing 2.3 million di¡erent pairs of eye images. The phase structure of each iris pattern was extracted by demodulation with quadrature wavelets spanning several scales of analysis. The resulting distribution of phase sequence variation among di¡erent eyes was precisely binomial, revealing 244 independent degrees of freedom. This amount of statistical variability corresponds to an entropy (information density) of about 3.2 bits mm À2 over the iris. It implies that the probability of two di¡erent irides agreeing by chance in more than 70% of their phase sequence is about one in 7 billion. We also compared images of genetically identical irides, from the left and right eyes of 324 persons, and from monozygotic twins. Their relative phase sequence variation generated the same statistical distribution as did unrelated eyes. This indicates that apart from overall form and colour, iris patterns are determined epigenetically by random events in the morphogenesis of this tissue. The resulting diversity, and the combinatorial complexity created by so many dimensions of random variation, mean that the failure of a simple test of statistical independence performed on iris patterns can serve as a reliable rapid basis for automatic personal identi¢cation.

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The Gross Anatomy and Embryology of the Eye

Cited by 45 publications

References 10 publications

The importance of being random: statistical principles of iris recognition

The importance of being random: statistical principles of iris recognition

Research on the BP-network-based Iris Recognition

Epigenetic randomness, complexity and singularity of human iris patterns

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