Epigenetic randomness, complexity and singularity of human iris patterns

Daugman, John; Downing, Cathryn

doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1696

Cited by 207 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…However, the particular details are critically dependent on circumstances as the initial conditions in the embryonic precursor to the iris. Thus, two di erent iris are extremely unlike to be equal, even in the case of genetically identical twins, or clones [20]. Several iris recognition systems have been developed, which exploit the complexity and stability over time of iris patterns and claim to be highly accurate [17,75,48].…”

Section: Iris Identiÿcationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biometric identification systems

et al. 2003

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In this paper, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of biometric identiÿcation, together with a description of the main biometric technologies currently in use, all of them within a common reference framework. A comparison on di erent qualitative parameters of these technologies is also given, so that the reader may have a clear perspective of advantages and disadvantages of each. A section on multibiometrics describes the state of the art in making these systems work coordinately. Fusion at di erent conceptual levels is described. Finally, a section on commercial issues provides the reader a perspective of the main companies currently involved in this ÿeld. ?

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Section: Iris Identiÿcationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biometric identification systems

et al. 2003

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“…The iris patterns of the two eyes of an individual or those of identical twins are completely independent and uncorrelated. 5 In addition, the iris is highly stable over a person's lifetime and lends itself to noninvasive identification, because it is externally visible. Iris-based biometric systems apply filters to iris images to extract information about its features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cataract surgery and pupil dilation on iris pattern recognition for personal authentication

Dhir¹,

Habib²,

Monro

et al. 2009

Eye

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cataract surgery and pupil dilation on iris pattern recognition for personal authentication. Methods Prospective non-comparative cohort study. Images of 15 subjects were captured before (enrolment), and 5, 10, and 15 min after instillation of mydriatics before routine cataract surgery. After cataract surgery, images were captured 2 weeks thereafter. Enrolled and test images (after pupillary dilation and after cataract surgery) were segmented to extract the iris. This was then unwrapped onto a rectangular format for normalization and a novel method using the Discrete Cosine Transform was applied to encode the image into binary bits. The numerical difference between two iris codes (Hamming distance, HD) was calculated. The HD between identification and enrolment codes was used as a score and was compared with a confidence threshold for specific equipment, giving a match or non-match result. The Correct Recognition Rate (CRR) and Equal Error Rates (EERs) were calculated to analyse overall system performance. Results After cataract surgery, perfect identification and verification was achieved, with zero false acceptance rate, zero false rejection rate, and zero EER. After pupillary dilation, non-elastic deformation occurs and a CRR of 86.67% and EER of 9.33% were obtained. Conclusions Conventional circle-based localization methods are inadequate. Matching reliability decreases considerably with increase in pupillary dilation. Cataract surgery has no effect on iris pattern recognition, whereas pupil dilation may be used to defeat an iris-based authentication system.

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“…Iris texture is an epigenetic phenotypic characteristics in [DC01]. Even irises sharing identical genetic information have different appearances.…”

Section: The Fuzzy Commitment Scheme For Iris Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Privacy and Security Assessment of Biometric Template Protection

Zhou¹

2012

Itit

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Throughout the ages all those who have been highly successful in great ventures and in the pursuit of great learning must have successfully undergone three stages:"Last night the west wind shriveled the green-clad trees; alone I climb the high tower, to gaze at the road stretching to the horizon" represents the first stage."I have no regrets as my girdle grows looser on my waist; with everlasting love I pine for you" represents the second stage."I have sought her in the crowd a hundred, a thousand times; suddenly turning back my head, I see her under the dimming lanterns" represents the third stage. Erklärung zur DissertationHiermit versichere ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig nur mit den angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen, die aus Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit hat in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen.Darmstadt, den 4. August 2011 Xuebing Zhou AbstractBiometrics enables convenient authentication based on a person's physical or behavioral characteristics. In comparison with knowledge-or token-based methods, it links an identity directly to its owner. Furthermore, it can not be forgotten or handed over easily. As biometric techniques have become more and more efficient and accurate, they are widely used in numerous areas. Among the most common application areas are physical and logical access controls, border control, authentication in banking applications and biometric identification in forensics.In this growing field of biometric applications, concerns about privacy and security cannot be neglected. The advantages of biometrics can revert to the opposite easily. The potential misuse of biometric information is not limited to the endangerment of user privacy, since biometric data potentially contain sensitive information like gender, race, state of health, etc. Different applications can be linked through unique biometric data. Additionally, identity theft is a severe threat to identity management, if revocation and reissuing of biometric references are practically impossible. Therefore, template protection techniques are developed to overcome these drawbacks and limitations of biometrics. Their advantage is the creation of multiple secure references from biometric data. These secure references are supposed to be unlinkable and non-invertible in order to achieve the desired level of security and to fulfill privacy requirements.The existing algorithms can be categorized into transformation-based approaches and biometric cryptosystems. The transformation-based approaches deploy different transformation or randomization functions, while the biometric cryptosystems construct secrets from biometric data. The integration in biometric systems is commonly accepted in research and their feasibility according to the recognition performance is proved. Despite of the success of biometric template protection techniques, their security and privacy properties are investigated only limitedly.This predomin...

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Epigenetic randomness, complexity and singularity of human iris patterns

Cited by 207 publications

References 10 publications

Biometric identification systems

Biometric identification systems

Effect of cataract surgery and pupil dilation on iris pattern recognition for personal authentication

Privacy and Security Assessment of Biometric Template Protection

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