The Greek version of Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI): translation, cultural adaptation, and validation in patients with rotator cuff tear

Abstract

BackgroundThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt a Greek version of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) questionnaire and to validate its usage in Greek patients.Materials and methodsA forward and backward translation was performed, and the final version of the Greek questionnaire was administered to 134 outpatients (mean age 47.4 ± 14.5) with rotator cuff tear under conservative treatment. The questionnaire was re-administered 2–5 days later to assess test–retest reliability. Patients completed the Greek SPADI, the Greek version of the Quick DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire) and the EuroQoL EQ-5D. 102 of the 134 questionnaires were considered valid.ResultsThe internal consistencies of the SPADI total and its subscales measured with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were high (0.932 for SPADI-Total, 0.899 for SPADI-Disability, 0.905 for SPADI-Pain). Intraclass correlation coefficients showed excellent test–retest reliability (0.899 for Disability, 0.902 for Pain, and 0.929 for total SPADI). A significantly high positive correlation was found between the SPADI total score and its subscales, and Quick DASH for Pain and Disability. Significant correlations were also found between SPADI scales and EQ-5D variables. There was a moderate positive correlation with the variables “self-reliance” (r = 0.66), “common activities” (r = 0.58), and “pain/discomfort” (r = 0.49), and a weaker correlation with the “mobility” variable (r = 0.20). Factor analysis (PAF method) revealed a bidimensional formation of the SPADI. Eight items (five pain/three disability) weighted the first factor by >0.5, and five disability items weighted the second factor.ConclusionsThe Greek SPADI represents a valid and reliable tool for measuring pain and disability in patients with painful shoulder disorders.Level of evidenceLevel 3.

Validation of Serbian shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI)

“…The SPADI questionnaire had Cronbach alpha of 0.946. The Cronbach's alpha found in other studies ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 (10, [19][20][21][22][23] and ICC values ranged between 0.88 and 0.96 (11,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), which was consistent with our results. These findings indicated excellent internal consistency and high reproducibility of the questionnaire.…”

Measures of Adult Shoulder Function

“…The SPADI is translated into multiple languages. Cross‐cultural validation has been performed for the following languages: Spanish (11), Chinese (12), Arabic (13), Danish (14), Norwegian (15), Dutch (16), Indian (Tamil) (17), Hindi (18), Greek (19), Turkish (20), Brazilian Portuguese (21), Persian (22), Thai (23), Nepali (24), Italian (25), and German (26).…”

Comparative Study of Pain Relief in Two Non-Pharmacological Treatments in Patients with Partial Rotator Cuff Tears: A Randomized Trial

“…• The SPADI questionnaire: it is a self-administered tool aiming at assessing shoulder ache and disability (9, 10). It has 13 items focusing on two particular areas; five items evaluate pain and the remaining eight items estimate patients’ injury (9, 10).…”

“…The scale starts from zero representing the worst health status and ends to 100 denoting a perfect health status (11). All questionnaires were translated and validated in the Greek language (9, 11).…”