The Gravitational-wave physics II: Progress

Bian, Ligong; Cai, Rong-Gen; Cao, Shuo; Cao, Zhoujian; Gao, He; Guo, Zong-Kuan; Lee, Kejia; Li, Di; Liu, Jing; Lu, Youjun; Pi, Shi; Wang, Jianmin; Wang, Shao-Jiang; Wang, Yan; Yang, Tao; Yang, Xing-Yu; Yu, Shenghua; Zhang, Jingfei

doi:10.1007/s11433-021-1781-x

Cited by 71 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 770 publications

(666 reference statements)

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“…Some of these symmetry breakings would trigger cosmic first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) (see [2] for a comprehensive review and [3] for a pedagogical lecture) proceeding by the bubble nucleations, bubble expansion and bubble collisions, which would generate a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWs) (see [4,5] for recent reviews from LISA Collaboration [6] and [7,8] for earlier reviews from eLISA/NGO mission [9]; see also [10] for a brief review) transparent to our early Universe that is otherwise opaque to light for us to probe via electromagnetic waves if the FOPTs occurs before the recombination epoch. Therefore, the GWs detection serves as a promising and unique probe [11,12] for the new physics [13,14] beyond SM (BSM) with FOPTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational waves from patterns of electroweak symmetry breaking: an effective perspective

Cai¹,

Hashino²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The future space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detectors would provide a promising probe for the new physics beyond the standard model that admits the first-order phase transitions. The predictions for the GW background vary sensitively among different concrete particle physics models but also share a large degeneracy in the model buildings, which motivates an effective model description on the phase transition based on different patterns of the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). In this paper, using the scalar N -plet model as a demonstration, we propose an effective classification for three different patterns of EWSB: (1) radiative symmetry breaking with classical scale invariance, (2) Higgs mechanism in generic scalar extension, and (3) higher dimensional operators. We conclude that a strong first-order phase transition could be realized for (1) and ( 2) with a small quartic coupling and a small isospin of an additional N -plet field for the light scalar field model with and without the classical scale invariance, and (3) with a large mixing coupling between scalar fields and a large isospin of the N -plet field for the heavy scalar field model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational waves from patterns of electroweak symmetry breaking: an effective perspective

Cai¹,

Hashino²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…For a comparison, for SN Ia, only relative distances can be obtained. If the redshift of GW event is obtained through the electromagnetic counterpart or its host galaxy, the distanceredshift relation can be established, which is of importance for cosmological studies (Qi et al 2019b,a;Zhao et al 2011;Wang et al 2018;Zhang 2019;Wang et al 2020a;Zhang et al 2019aZhang et al , 2020Zhao et al 2020;Jin et al 2020;Wang et al 2022;Jin et al 2021;Bian et al 2021). According to the conservative estimates, the third-generation ground-based GW observatory, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) with one order of magnitude more sensitive than the current GW detectors, can detect 1000 GW events with the redshift information from the binary neutron star (BNS) mergers in a tenyear observation (Nissanke et al 2010;Zhao et al 2011;Cai & Yang 2017;Zhao & Wen 2018;Chen et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmological model-independent measurement of cosmic curvature using distance sum rule with the help of gravitational waves

Wang¹,

Qi²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Although the cosmic spatial curvature has been precisely constrained in the standard cosmological model using the observations of cosmic microwave background anisotropies, it is still of great importance to independently measure this key parameter using only the late-universe observations in a cosmological model-independent way. The distance sum rule in strong gravitational lensing (SGL) provides such a way, provided that the three distances in the sum rule can be calibrated by other observations. Usually, such a calibration can be performed by using the type Ia supernovae (SN Ia), which, however, has some drawbacks, e.g., dependence on distance ladder, narrow redshift range, etc. In this paper, we propose that gravitational waves (GWs) can be used to provide the distance calibration in the SGL method, which can avoid the dependence on distance ladder and cover a wider redshift range. Using the simulated GW standard siren observation by the Einstein Telescope as an example, we show that this scheme is feasible and advantageous. We find that ∆Ω k 0.17 with the current SGL data, which is slightly more precise than the case of using SN Ia to calibrate. Furthermore, we consider the forthcoming LSST survey that is expected to observe many SGL systems. We simulate a realistic population of SGL systems that will be observed in the near future, and we find that about 10 4 SGL data could provide the precise measurement of ∆Ω k 10 −2 with the help of GWs. Our work indicates that the observations of SGL and GWs by the next-generation facilities would improve the late-universe measurement of cosmic curvature by one order of magnitude.

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“…Our current Universe is known in a symmetry-broken phase. Although the standard model (SM) of particle physics favors no strong evidence for the first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early Universe but simply crossover transitions accroding to the lattice simulation results, the search for the FOPTs [1][2][3] is nevertheless welcome and well-motivated for some new physics beyond the SM [4,5], such as electroweak baryogenesis [6][7][8][9][10], primordial magnetic field [11][12][13][14], primordial black holes [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], stochastic gravitational waves backgrounds (SGWBs) [25][26][27][28][29][30], and so on. In particular, the peak frequency of the SGWB from a FOPT at the electroweak scale would fall into the frequency bands of LISA [31,32], Taiji [33][34][35], and TianQin [36][37][38], while a FOPT at the QCD scale would produce SGWB signals in the frequency regimes of the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) and Square Kilometre Array (SKA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transitions beyond the bag equation of state

Wang,

Yuwen

2022

Preprint

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The stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds (SGWBs) from the cosmological first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) serve as a promising probe for the new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. When most of the bubble walls collide with each other long after they had reached the terminal wall velocity, the dominated contribution to the SGWBs comes from the sound waves characterized by the efficiency factor of inserting the released vacuum energy into the bulk fluid motions. However, the previous works of estimating this efficiency factor have only considered the simplified case of the constant sound velocities in both symmetric and broken phases, either for the bag model with equal sound velocities or ν-model with different sound velocities in the symmetric and broken phases, which is not only unrealistic from a viewpoint of particle physics, but also inconsistent since the sound velocity profile should be solved from the fluid equation of motion (EoM). In this paper, we consistently solve the fluid EoM with the iteration method when taking into account the sound-velocity variation across the bubble wall for a general and realistic equation of state (EoS) beyond the simple bag model and ν-model. We have found a universal suppression effect for the efficiency factor of bulk fluid motions, though such a suppression effect could be negligible for the strong FOPT, in which case the previous estimation from a bag EoS on the efficiency factor of bulk fluid motions still works as a good approximation.

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The Gravitational-wave physics II: Progress

Cited by 71 publications

References 770 publications

Gravitational waves from patterns of electroweak symmetry breaking: an effective perspective

Gravitational waves from patterns of electroweak symmetry breaking: an effective perspective

Cosmological model-independent measurement of cosmic curvature using distance sum rule with the help of gravitational waves

The energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transitions beyond the bag equation of state

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