The graph model for conflicts

Fuzzy Preferences in the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution

“…It ranges from simple everyday decisions to strategic decisions in war. To make decisions easier, a number of methodologies have been developed, including linear and non-linear optimization (Bartholomew-Biggs, 2008;Chang, 2010;Taha, 1971), multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) (Chang, 2010;Figueira et al, 2005;Hipel et al, 1993b), game theory (von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944), fuzzy decision making (Nakamura, 1986;De Wilde, 2004), and the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) (Fang et al, 1993;Kilgour et al, 1987). Depending on the number of decision makers (DMs) and objectives, decision making techniques are divided into four main categories: (i) single participant-single objective (such as most operations research models), (ii) single participant-multiple objective (such as MCDA methods), (iii) multiple participant-single objective (such as team theory), and (iv) multiple participantmultiple objective (such as GMCR) decision making.…”

“…These methodologies, which include game theory (von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944), metagame analysis (Howard, 1971), conflict analysis (Fraser and Hipel, 1984), drama theory (Howard, 1999), and GMCR (Kilgour et al, 1987;Fang et al, 1993), share many characteristics. They all provide means to represent and analyze conflict situations with at least two DMs, each of whom has multiple options and multiple objectives, which imply distinctive preferences over the outcomes.…”

“…The major components of a graph model are the DMs, the possible states of the conflict, the movements among states that each DM controls, and each DM's preferences over the available states. Often, a DM's choices are represented as options or courses of action, any combination of which can be selected (Howard, 1971;Kilgour et al, 1987;Fang et al, 1993).…”

“…In the modeling step, feasible states and moves among them are usually constructed using options (Kilgour et al, 1987;Fang et al, 1993), although states can be defined in other ways. A feasible state is a feasible combination of options, selected or not selected, and a move is a change of options for a DM.…”

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“…和偏对策理论(metagame theory) [5] 的基础上 发展起来的一种对冲突行为进行正规分析的决策分 析方法。更明确地说，它为冲突中的决策者、仲裁者 或者政策制定者提供战略建议。图模型法首先由 Kilgour 等(1987)创建 [6] ，Fang 教授等(1993)对图模型 进行了完整的描述 [7] ，目前，图模型已经应用到非常 广泛的领域，包括：环境冲突 [8] 、贸易谈判 [9] 、战争 冲突 [10] Table 5. Equibrium under uncertainty preference …”