The Governance and Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Tanzania: A Qualitative Study

Frumence, Gasto; Mboera, Leonard E. G.; Sindato, Calvin; Katale, Bugwesa Z.; Kimera, Sharadhuli I.; Metta, Emmy; Durrance-Bagale, Anna; Jung, Andrew; Mshana, Stephen E.; Clark, Taane G.; Rweyemamu, Mark M.; Legido‐Quigley, Helena; Matee, Mecky

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10030273

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It was observed that, in some countries, the AMR documents do not cover all necessary sectors. For instance, in Tanzania, despite the development of the plan involving several stakeholders, it was realized that the environmental sector was not involved [ 147 ]. Cross-sectoral coordination has been described to be a problem in low- and middle-income countries, including Thailand and Nepal [ 148 , 149 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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In Africa, there is dearth of information on antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture and food production systems and its consequential resistance in pathogens that affect animal, human and environmental health. Data published between 1980 and 2021 on the magnitude of AMU and AMR in agriculture and food productions systems in Africa were reviewed. Data from 13–27 countries in Africa indicate that 3558–4279 tonnes of antimicrobials were used in animals from 2015 to 2019. Tetracyclines and polypeptides contributed the largest proportion of antimicrobials used. Cattle and poultry production account for the largest consumption of antimicrobials in Africa. Although limited studies have reported AMR in crops, fish and beekeeping, AMR from a variety of farm animals has been substantially documented in Africa. Some countries in Africa have developed policies/plans to address AMU and AMR in agriculture and food production systems; however, their enforcement is challenged by weak regulations. In conclusion, although there is limited information on the quantities of antimicrobials used in agriculture and food production system, the levels of AMR are high. There is a need to strengthen regulatory authorities with a capacity to monitor AMU in agriculture and food production systems in Africa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…In this study, antibiotic consumption trends suggest a generally decreasing pattern of antibiotics use. This decrease might be due to prevailing legislative measures and campaigns to reduce inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics in animals (33,34). Tetracycline topped the list of quantities consumed annually, with the highest consumption in 2015, followed by a declining trend.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey From 2010-2017

et al. 2021

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BackgroundWith increased livestock keeping, multiple prevailing infections, antimicrobial agents’ use and pattern in Tanzania, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes inevitable. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have increasingly become a major challenge in human and animal medicine. Although inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans is the principal cause of resistance, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals contribute to the emergence and spread of these bacteria. Antibiotics help control a multitude of bacterial infections that are major causes of diseases in both animals and humans. Rational use in animals is crucial to control any development and transfer of AMR to humans. This study aimed to create quantitative evidence of animal antimicrobial usage patterns in Tanzania to serve as a baseline for surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance control.MethodologyThis descriptive longitudinal retrospective study was conducted to explore the trend of veterinary-antibiotics consumed in the eight years, from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2017 in Tanzania mainland. The data source was records of all antibiotics imported for veterinary use into Tanzania’s mainland according to the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) records. The analysis employed the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology using Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification. Regression and time series analysis was used to establish trends in antibiotics consumption.ResultsA total of 12,147,491 kg of antibiotics were consumed in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017. Tetracycline, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, quinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and antibacterial combinations were the most commonly used antibacterial agents in Tanzania. Tetracycline class topped the list with about 8,090,798 kg (66.6%) out of 12,147,491 kg total quantity of antimicrobials consumed. Non-significant, linear curve estimations and time series analysis indicate a decline in the quantities of veterinary antibiotics used in the eight years from 2010 to 2017.ConclusionsThis study suggests that tetracycline is the most used antibiotic class for veterinary medicine in Tanzania. The trend of antimicrobial use is generally decreasing compared to other countries in Africa. Even though some antibiotics have the lowest consumption rate, they are also prone to AMR, prompting follow-up by the relevant regulatory authorities.

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“…These include the self-prescription of antimicrobials, which appears to be a very common practice by most of the livestock keepers and has been associated with the improper use of human medicines for treating animal infections [ 23 ]. In addition, paravets have to contend with livestock keepers’ preferences, such as the choice of medication, even though clients may have little knowledge of animal health, with a high possibility of misdiagnosis, improper dosage, and the wrong choice of medicine [ 19 , 22 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Peer influence has also been reported to influence the choice of medication, as well as being misled by profit-driven and unprofessional drug sellers [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practices and Challenges of Veterinary Paraprofessionals in Regards to Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

et al. 2021

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We conducted a qualitative study to explore the practices and challenges of veterinary paraprofessionals (paravets) on antimicrobial use and resistance in domestic animals. Methods: This was a qualitative study, which involved semi-structured interviews with paravets from the Ilala, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni, and Temeke districts in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Results: A total of 40 paravets participated in this study. The majority (72.5%) admitted to having not undergone any formal training on antimicrobial use and/or resistance. Paravets face several challenges, including poor working conditions and having no access to laboratory services to advise on antimicrobial choice and selection. They also face challenges from livestock farmers such as the inability to afford the recommended medicines, the self-prescription of antimicrobials, and poor record keeping. The presence of sub-standard medicine and the lack of guidelines on the appropriate disposal of medicines were also identified as affecting their services. Conclusion: Paravets should be trained in the judicious use of antimicrobials, and the same training should be used to refresh their knowledge on the diagnosis and prevention of infections. The Veterinary Council of Tanzania and other regulatory agencies should assist in addressing the challenges facing paravets that are related to animal health services and the quality of medicines.

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The Governance and Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Tanzania: A Qualitative Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review

Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey From 2010-2017

Practices and Challenges of Veterinary Paraprofessionals in Regards to Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

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