The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure

Gaziano, Thomas A.; Bitton, Asaf; Anand, Shuchi; Weinstein, Milton C.

doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832a9ba3

Cited by 244 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…3 Over the next decade, the global cost of suboptimal blood pressure may approach $1 trillion. 4 Unless it is adequately controlled, hypertension will continue to be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. 5 In many LMICs, however, the rates of hypertension treatment and control are low.…”

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confidence: 99%

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

et al. 2016

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BACKGROUND: Hypertension, the leading global risk factor for mortality, is characterized by low treatment and control rates in low-and middle-income countries. Poor linkage to hypertension care contributes to poor outcomes for patients. However, specific factors influencing linkage to hypertension care are not well known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors influencing linkage to hypertension care in rural western Kenya. DESIGN: Qualitative research study using a modified Health Belief Model that incorporates the impact of emotional and environmental factors on behavior. PARTICIPANTS: Mabaraza (traditional community assembly) participants (n=242) responded to an open invitation to residents in their respective communities. Focus groups, formed by purposive sampling, consisted of hypertensive individuals, at-large community members, and community health workers (n=169). APPROACH: We performed content analysis of the transcripts with NVivo 10 software, using both deductive and inductive codes. We used a two-round Delphi method to rank the barriers identified in the content analysis. We selected factors using triangulation of frequency of codes and themes from the transcripts, in addition to the results of the Delphi exercise. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants were summarized using descriptive statistics. KEY RESULTS: We identified 27 barriers to linkage to hypertension care, grouped into individual (cognitive and emotional) and environmental factors. Cognitive factors included the asymptomatic nature of hypertension and limited information. Emotional factors included fear of being a burden to the family and fear of being screened for stigmatized diseases such as HIV. Environmental factors were divided into physical (e.g. distance), socioeconomic (e.g. poverty), and health system factors (e.g. popularity of alternative therapies). The Delphi results were generally consistent with the findings from the content analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and environmental factors are barriers to linkage to hypertension care in rural western Kenya. Our analysis provides new insights and methodological approaches that may be relevant to other lowresource settings worldwide. INTRODUCTIONCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 80 % of cardiovascular deaths occurring in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). 1 Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, 2 is the leading global risk for mortality. 3 Over the next decade, the global cost of suboptimal blood pressure may approach $1 trillion. 4 Unless it is adequately controlled, hypertension will continue to be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. 5 In many LMICs, however, the rates of hypertension treatment and control are low. 6 In Kenya, hypertension treatment and control rates have been reported at 9 % and 3 %, respectively. 7 Poor linkage to hypertension care, manifested as delays in seeking care after screening and referral, has been shown to be associated with increased mortality among pre...

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Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

et al. 2016

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“…Essential hypertension is a worldwide epidemic, with approximately 20% of the world's population estimated to have a blood pressure greater than 140/90mmHg, and accounting for around 10% of worldwide healthcare costs 1,2 . Due to its position as the leading risk factor for death worldwide, there is an increased drive towards its prevention 3 .…”

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Endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension

Mordi

Delles

et al. 2016

Journal of Hypertension

123

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Abstract:Although the endothelium has a number of important functions, the term endothelial dysfunction is commonly used to describe impairment in its vasodilatory capacity. It is increasingly recognised that this is related to hypertension, although whether it predates hypertension or is a consequence of it is still unknown. In this review we explore the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension, its prognostic significance and methods of pharmacological reversal. Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation CONDENSED ABSTRACTEndothelial dysfunction is prevalent in hypertension and has a recognised association with the condition. In this article we review the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension, its prognostic significance and methods of pharmacological reversal. We appreciate the opportunity to revise this manuscript again and particularly would like to thank Reviewer whose constructive criticism has certainly improved the manuscript. We have addressed the minor comments suggested as attached to this letter.We are extremely grateful once again to the reviewers and the editors for their detailed critique which has undoubtedly improved the quality of the manuscript.We thank you once again for the opportunity to resubmit our manuscript and look forward to your decision. Yours sincerely Dr Ify Mordi Submission letterReviewer #2:I thank you the author for their last revision: the paper improved quite a lot! Just few points should be still addressed:We thank the reviewer for their positive appraisal of our revised manuscript -we agree that the comments provided have substantially improved the review. We agree with the reviewer that this sentence is out of place. Given the length of the review and the fact that this is covered elsewhere we have now deleted the sentence.-Please move the description of micromyography to the invasive methods as tissue biopsies are necessary.We thank the reviewer for pointing out this error. We have now moved the description of myography to the invasive methods section (page 5). We have no conflict of interest. Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Essential Hypertension Manuscript 2 ABSTRACTAlthough the endothelium has a number of important functions, the term endothelial

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“…This results in huge costs. Back in 2001 suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control cost 370 billion US dollars, being approximately 10% of the world's overall healthcare expenditure [6]. Also, looking from the other side, HT is a chronic disease bringing very dangerous and disturbing effects.…”

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Seasonal trends in hypertension in Poland: evidence from Google search engine query data

et al. 2018

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A b s t r a c tBackground: Various conditions, including arterial hypertension, exhibit seasonal trends in their occurrence and magnitude. Those trends correspond to an interest exhibited in the number of Internet searches for the specific conditions per month. Aim:The aim of the study was to show seasonal trends in the hypertension prevalence in Poland relate to the data from the Google Trends tool. Methods:Internet search engine query data were retrieved from Google Trends from January 2008 to November 2017. Data were calculated as a monthly normalised search volume from the nine-year period. Data was presented for specific geographic regions, including Poland, the United States of America, Australia, and worldwide for the following search terms: "arterial hypertension (pol. nadciśnienie tętnicze)", "hypertension (pol. nadciśnienie)" and "hypertension medical condition". Seasonal effects were calculated using regression models and presented graphically.

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The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure

Cited by 244 publications

References 11 publications

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

Endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension

Seasonal trends in hypertension in Poland: evidence from Google search engine query data

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